昭君出塞非联姻式“和亲”考论

On "Zhaojun Chusai" not a Marriage Style of "Heqin"

历来人们常说的中国古代的和亲,一般都是发生在不同民族之间的政治联姻。对于汉代的昭君出塞,人们一直以来也都是将其作为一次联姻式和亲来看待的。然而,分析历史上的此类和亲,可看出它具备两个重要特点,一是作为和亲方的女性,一般都是与帝王有血缘关系的女子,二是史书记载这类和亲时,多用"嫁""妻""婚"等字样,表明一次婚姻关系的缔结。而昭君出塞并不具备这些特征,那只是汉皇的一次赏赐,昭君只是汉皇赐予匈奴单于的礼物之一。有人将昭君出塞看作联姻式和亲,是认为她对汉匈间的和平作出了巨大贡献,是就两国关系的实际效用而言的。但真正说来,昭君在这方面的作用实被后人夸大。汉匈之间在她之后的长时期和平,主因并不在她,而在于匈奴实力衰落,无力与汉王朝对抗,另外也在于汉朝曾给予呼韩邪单于以极大援助,呼韩邪单于及其子孙感恩汉朝,不愿轻启战端。无论从何种角度看,昭君出塞都不是人们常说的联姻式和亲。

Heqin which means to make peace with rulers of minority nationalities in the border area by marriage in ancient China,is generally a kind of political alliances between different nationalities.The story ＂Zhaojun Chusai＂ which refers to beautiful lady Zhaojun living in Han Dynasty volunteer to marry the minority ruler of Huns——Chanyu for peace with Huns,is always regarded as a marriage style of Heqin.But,such kind of Heqin includes two key characteristics.One is that the women are the descendants of the King;the other is which is frequently recorded in history as marry,espouse,wed etc,indicating that a marriage concluded.But Zhaojun Chusai does not have these characteristics,just as a gift awarded to Chanyu by emperor of Han Dynasty.Generally,scholars argue that Zhaojun has made great contribution to peace and regarded this as marriage.In fact,the effect of Zhaojun in this respect has been exaggerated.The real reason for a long period of peace after her marriage is not for her,but for the decline of the Huns who are unable to confront with Han Dynasty,and for the great assistance of Han Dynasty so that Hu Hanxie Chanyu and its descendants dare not to launch the war again.It can be concluded that Zhaojun Chusai is not a marriage style of Heqin which people often assumes.