人权法的失衡与平衡

Balance and Loss of Balance in Human Rights Law

人权保障的法治实践,特别是中国改革开放以来人权保障事业发展的经验表明,在公共治理背景下生成和行动的人权法应当是平衡法,它对应于和谐的人权保障关系,在机制上表现为人权保障目标与制度安排的匹配性,在内容上反映为理性设定公民权利及其实现方式,在形式上表现为人权法规范体系的协调一致,在行动上体现为人权保障过程的协商共识,在结果上表现为人权保障绩效的最大化。由于不同人权之间往往存在着张力,人权保障具有跨部门法性,国际人权法依赖于国内法转化或衔接等原因,因此人权法比较容易出现失衡,制约着国家尊重和保障人权目标的全面实现。要解决人权法失衡问题,必须适应公共治理的崛起,选择开放性的公私商谈模式、遵循理性的衡量标准对人权入法进行审慎权衡。

Legal practice with regard to the protection of human rights,and especially China's post-reform experience in this regard,shows that a human rights law that comes into being and operates against a background of public governance should be a balanced law that corresponds to harmonious relations in human rights protection.In terms of mechanism,such law is expressed in the matching of goals with institutional arrangements;in terms of content,it reflects rationally determined civil rights and the means of achieving them;in terms of form,it is expressed as consistency with a normative system of human rights law;in terms of behavior,it is based on a deliberative consensus in the process of human rights protection;and in terms of outcome,it maximizes achievements in human rights protection.There are tensions between different human rights;human rights protection crosses different fields of law;and international human rights law has to transform into or link up with domestic law.For these reasons,human rights law tends to become unbalanced,restricting the country's ability to fully realize the goal of respecting and protecting human rights.To solve the problem of imbalance in human rights law,it is necessary to conform to the rise of public governance,select an open model of public-private consultation and carefully weigh up human rights law in accordance with rational standards.