“道德政治”谱系中的卢梭、康德、马克思

Rousseau,Kant and Marx in the Lineage of "Moral Politics"

所谓"道德政治"是现代政治哲学的一个重大理论主题和思想趋向,其核心诉求是批判霍布斯、洛克式自由主义所造成的现代政治的非道德化,主张将现代政治建立在道德的基础上。该主题由卢梭开创,经康德和马克思拓展,形成了现代性批判的完整学术谱系,并成为现代政治哲学和道德哲学的内在连接点。卢梭首倡建立"道德政治",提出公民社会应该建立在"公意"和普遍性的基础上。康德以其道德哲学将卢梭的政治主题先验化,为"道德政治"奠定了一个全新的先验基础。马克思彻底批判和解构资产阶级财产权,将社会问题升级为政治问题,用"穷人的权利"取代普遍权利去规定现代人自由的最高意义,以此将"道德政治"议程推向了顶点。

'Moral politics' is a significant theoretical subject and intellectual trend in modern political philosophy.What lies at the core of moral politics is the proposition that modern politics should be established on the basis of morality,and the critique of the de-moralization of modern politics resulting from Hobbesian and Lockean liberalism.Moral politics was initiated by Rousseau and developed by Kant and Marx,who thus form the integral academic lineage of the critique of modernity.It serves as the inner link between modern political philosophy and moral philosophy.Rousseau was the first to advocate 'moral politics' and the idea that a civil society should be based on universality and the'general will.' With his moral philosophy,Kant made Rousseau's political subject transcendental and provided a new a priori foundation for 'moral politics.' And Marx,by fundamentally criticizing and deconstructing bourgeois property rights,upgrading social issues into political issues and using 'the rights of the poor' to replace universal rights,defined the highest level of freedom for modern man and thus raised the 'moral politics' agenda to its acme.