权力还是声望?——社会资本测量的争论与验证

Power or Prestige? The Debates and Verifications in Measurement of Social Capital

在个体社会资本的研究中,定位法已成为国际上普遍接受的一种测量方法。该方法的核心特征是使用职业声望分数来计算个体社会网络中所蕴含的资源,其理论基础是声望的"功能主义"解释,即社会分工导致职业权力分化,由此导致了不同的职业声望。本研究从声望的"社会承认"逻辑出发,论述了社会分层中声望与权力的不一致性,并由此提出计算个体社会资本时,应测量网络中的权力资源而非声望资源。本研究基于北京、郑州和昆明三城市居民的问卷调查的数据,重新编制了职业权力分数,并将其与职业声望分数进行比较。结果发现职业权力与职业声望之间存在显著差异,而且基于职业权力计算出来的社会资本无论在信度和效度方面都优于基于职业声望测算的结果。本研究的结果,对于中国社会资本的研究和社会分层研究均有一定启示。

The paper examines the differences between power and prestige in the lightof the logic of social recognition,and further proposes that when measuring individualsocial capital,occupational power score is a better instrument than the commonlyused occupational prestige score.Based on a social survey data in three cities in China,the paper finds that there are significant differences between occupational powerscores and occupational prestige scores.Moreover,occupational power score is betterboth in reliability and validity in measuring individual social capital than occupationalprestige scores.