谁之继承人,谁之代治者？--哈里发学说的演变及其对中东政治继承与换代的影响

The Theory of Caliphate and Its Influence on Political Succession in the Middle East

在伊斯兰教史上,围绕权力交接、政权更迭所产生的哈里发学说不仅反映了伊斯兰教的教派分化与教义演变,而且与伊斯兰世界的政治继承与政权更迭具有密切关联。哈里发的继承权与代治权的来源问题是论证其领袖地位与政权合法性的关键。"政治权威与宗教权威的分化"、"宗教理想与政治现实的较量"与"世袭制与选贤制的角逐"这三组力量的消长是影响伊斯兰教与当代中东地区伊斯兰国家的政治继承与换代问题的关键因素。

In the history of Islam, the theory of the Caliphate not only reflects the differentiation among Islamic denominations and the changes in doctrines, but is also closely related to political succession and the right to rule in the Islamic world. The line of succession and hereditary background of the caliph are both key to prove the legitimacy of a leader's right to rule. Changes in the three contradictions of 'the division between the political and religious authorities,' 'the struggle between religious ideals and political realities,' and 'the competition between hereditary succession and election' are the main factors that affect Islam and the political succession and dynastic change of Islamic countries in the present day Middle East region.