启蒙的现代传承、化生与超越——以瓦尔泽、格拉斯、哈贝马斯等为中心

Modern Inheritance,Resurrection and Transcendence of the Enlightenment-A Focus on Günter Grass,Martin Walser and Jürgen Habermas

本文凸显西方元思维的"逻各斯—秘索思"结构,强调德国思想史的"启蒙思脉—浪漫思脉"二元对立。同时选择作为德国知识精英代表的瓦尔泽、格拉斯、哈贝马斯,对其"文学话语—哲学话语"对话结构进行梳理,既凸显其为20世纪后期精英难以回避的"战争背景",同时也揭示他们面对历史浩劫与民族重生勇于承担的"智识勇气"和"创辟实绩"。最后,仍归结为一个基本追问,就是在至今为止的20世纪后半期的西方思想史进程中,虽然名家辈出,但并未能为人类发展提供明显亮色,以及德国学术、思想难得强势的事实,并追问其原因所在。同时引入中国文化传统的《易经》思维,尤其是凸显"一分为三"之原则,强调"启蒙调试"作为一个重要的"黄金分割点",使西方二元论思维获得一个立足于三的支撑点。如此,则格拉斯尝试以浪漫的手法来坚持启蒙的目标、瓦尔泽以浪漫的手段来调试启蒙的不足,都有其合理之处,相比较哲学话语系统的哈贝马斯对启蒙传统的"执善固执",则更显出文学话语的灵活性与诗性创发对于思想史发展的特殊意义。

Highlighting the Western meta-thinking of logos-muthos structure,this essay emphasizes the dual opposition of enlightening vein of thinking and romantic vein of thinking.Günter Grass Martin Walser and Jürgen Habermas,the representatives of German intellectual elite,are chosen concurrently with their dialogic structure between literary discourse and philosophical discourse,as are combed,for the sake of showing off both their warring background unavoidable to the later 20th century elite and exposing the wisdom and courage for undertaking and scoring solid achievements in times of historical catastrophes and national rebirth.Finally it is generated into a basic question about both the fact and its causes of the following,that is why no obvious brightness has ever been added to the development of Western ideological history of the latter half of the 20th century lasting until the present in spite of the repeated emergence of noted scholars,in addition to the fact that German scholarship and ideology are not in powerful position.Meanwhile it might do good to introduce the way of thinking from I Ching（Classic of Changes） in Chinese traditional culture,especially the principle of highlighting one breaking into three,which emphasizes ＂the enlightening adjustment＂ as an important golden dividing-point,to make the Western dualism thinking acquire a supporting point footed on three.Hence,the attempts by Grass to persist in the enlightening target by romantic device,and by Walser to adjust the insufficiencies of the Enlightenment,are both reasonable in their own ways.Compared with Habermas＇s positive stubbornness in the Enlightenment tradition in terms of the system of philosophical discourse,the flexibility of literary discourse and the special significance of poetic creation to the development of ideological history are more demonstrable.