明代辽东中层行政管理区划的形成——以辽东苑马寺卿兼职兵备事为线索

The Formation of Middle-level Local Administration System in Liaodong in Ming Dynasty:Trace Back to the Event that the Post of Bingbeidao was Given to Minister of Yuanmasi

辽东是明代边疆防御体系中的重要地区。由于各种历史地理因素所限,明代辽东地方行政实行军事化的卫所制管理,以一个都司管理25个实土卫,一度形成了行政管理幅度过大、难以实行有效管理的局面。因此在嘉靖年间,辽东全境被划分成6个行政地理单元分别管理,同时从"军管型政区"向"文管型政区"转变,将相邻各系统文官都纳入当地管理体制,连朝廷派驻辽东管理马政的苑马寺卿和行太仆寺卿也各领一道辖境,处理地方军政事务,从而使辽东形成了事实上的三级行政区划。这种增加行政管理层级、缩小管理幅度、实行军事管理与文官监督相结合的处理方式,体现了明代地方行政管理中因地制宜的思路,同时也反映出明代辽东边疆经略中的许多问题。

Liaodong was an important area of the north defense system in Ming Dynasty.Because of those historical and geographical limits,that area was for long under militarized administration.Specifically speaking,in Liaodong there was twenty five ＂real body＂ Wei-Suo governed by one Du-si,what had made administrative regions range too widely and difficult for effective administering.To solve the problem,in Jia-jing period Liaodong DU-SI was re-demarcated into six administrative geographical units,whose significance marked that the transition from militarized administration into civilized administration in Liaodong.In details,civil officials in Liaodong were all brought into local administration,while ministers of the imperial horse administrative agency Yuan-ma-si and Tai-pu-si were also appointed to rule some regions and deal with local affairs.In result,the governing system of Liaodong became actually three leveled.That transition had characters thereinafter： the increase of administration,the shrink of administrative range,the combination of militarized and civilized administration.In one word,the transition not only showed governing problems in Liaodong in Ming Dynasty.But also showed the administration principle of adapting for local conditions.