法院、检察院和公安机关的宪法关系

Constitutional Relationship between the People's Courts,the People's Procuratorates and the Public Security Organs

现行宪法第135条的规定涉及人民法院、人民检察院和公安机关之间的权限界定问题,其实际运作状况对三机关的职权和职能产生了重要影响。在1979年刑事诉讼法和1982年宪法颁布以前,三机关事实上形成了以公安机关为优先的分工、配合与制约关系,并共同接受政法主管部门的领导。在理解宪法规定的"分工负责,互相配合,互相制约"原则时应当强调,该原则是一个完整的逻辑和规范体系。"分工负责"体现的是它们的宪法地位,"互相配合"体现的是工作程序上的衔接关系,"互相制约"是三机关相互关系的核心价值要求。这一原则体现了两种服从关系:在价值理念上,效率服从于公平、配合服从于制约;在工作程序上,侦查服从于起诉、起诉服从于审判。现实中的三机关关系,应当根据宪法和立宪主义的价值理念合理调整。

The actual operation of article 135 of the current Constitution of the People＇s Republic of China, which defines the authority among the people＇s courts, the people＇s procuratorates and the public security organs, has a substantial impact on the power and functions of these three or- gans. Before the promulgation of the Criminal Procedure Law （1979） and the Constitution （1982）, the three organs had formed a relationship of functional division, mutual cooperation and mutual constraint. In this relationship, the public security organs had a prior status, and the three organs should accept the leadership of the political--legal department in charge. The constitutional principle of ＂dividing their functions, each taking responsibility for its own work, coordinating their efforts and checking each other＂ should be emphasized as a complete sys- tem of logic and norms. ＂To divide their functions, each taking responsibility for its own work＂ reflects their independent constitutional status and their limited power. ＂To .coordinate their ef- forts＂ shows their convergence in the judicial procedures. ＂To check each other＂ is required by the core value of the relationship between the three organs and shows two kinds of subordinate rela- tionship. In terms of the value of the concept, efficiency is subject to fair, and cooperation is sub- ject to constraints. On the other hand, as for the judicial procedures, investigation is subject to prosecution, while prosecution is subject to trial. This constitutional principle is based on the cor- rect recognition of different state power, reflects the attribute of trial power, procuratorial power and investigative power, and ensures the mutual independence of these three kinds of power. The real relationship between the three organs should be adjusted according to constitutional provi- sions and values.