中国古代专卖研究理论的考察——以北宋政和茶法改革性质为例

The Study to the Theory on Monopoly Investigation Ancient China——Discussion on the Reformation Nature of Zhenghe Tea Policy in Northern Song Dynasty

对北宋政和茶法改革性质的认识,凸显了学术界关于中国古代专卖研究的理论分歧,因而对其根究也是一次理论检讨。宋代社会语境选择"禁榷"与"通商"为政和茶法改革定性,但由于概念矛盾,使其对性质的认识游移于二者之间。现代的间接专卖理论局限于对政府借助商人实现专卖的强调,而面对政和茶法改革中经营性和"寓税于价"特征的消失,间接专卖理论已经没有超越自我的定性空间;商专卖固然突破了间接专卖局限,但它忽视了国家在中国古代专卖中的主体地位。从国家主体角度来看,政和茶法改革的实质是专卖税的征收,是国家把专卖权让渡给商人的结果。

It reflects on the disagreement of theory on monopoly investigation of ancient China from academic interests understanding on the reformation nature of Zhenghe tea Policy（政和茶法） in Northern Song Dynasty. So the discussion on the reformation nature of Zhenghe Tea Policy is also a theory review. The context of words in Song Dynasty choose monopoly buying and selling and commercial intercourse to determine the nature to reformation of Zhenghe Tea Policy. But the nature was thought between monopoly buying and selling and commercial intercourse due to contradictory conception. Modern indirect monopoly theory has limited space beyond emphasizing government and trader when the reformation of Zhenghe Tea Policy has lose characteristic of management and putting tax in the price. The monopoly from trader surpass limit of indirect monopoly however neglect main body of government in the monopoly of ancient China. With a view to main body of government , the reformation nature of Zhenghe Tea Policy is monopoly tax. This acquaintance has broaden out the space on monopoly theory investigation of ancient China. New theory framework is constituted on direct monopoly, indirect monopoly and monopoly tax and it has important theoretical and method significance on understanding evolution trend and intrinsic characteristics of monopoly system of ancient China.