从孔子、墨子宗教信仰看儒墨学说的区别

The Study of the Essential Distinctions between Confucianism and Mohism from the View of Kong Zi and Mo Zi's Religion

孔子继承了以"天"比喻万物本源、最高权威的传统,时常提及"天命",但在孔子眼里,"天"已不再具有古代宗教信仰中鲜明的人格性。墨子则"尊天"、"明鬼",力行和宣扬"天志"、"义"等超然价值准则。孔子墨子宗教信仰的差异决定了儒墨学说的本质区别。"礼"教是孔子为当时混乱社会开出的一剂药方,然而"本于天"的"礼"却在"子不语怪、力、乱、神"中割断了与"天"的联系,成为无本之木、无源之水。孔子由"畏天命"导向对"天子"、"君王"等地上权势的热衷和维护,走上"以人道为教"的"人治主义"道路。墨子则高举"天"的意志,强调神治,将其学说主张建立在"天志"、"明鬼"、"尚同"、"法仪"等宗教信仰的根基上。

Though Kong Zi traditionally spoke the word of＂heaven＂ in the meaning of the origin of all the things, the highest authority and often mentioned＂ the will of heaven＂, but in Kong Zi＇ s eyes, ＂heaven＂is no longer with the ancient religious personality . Mo Zi＂ respected the heaven＂, ＂believe ghost＂, advocated and acted tile transcendental value criteria of＂ the will of the heaven＂, ＂righteousness＂, etc., The differences between their religion determine the essential differences between their doctrines. Ritual is the prescription given by Kong Zi for the chaos society, but the inherent rituals were cut away＂ heaven＂ by his nothing to say the strange, strength , chaotic and the god. So the rituals became water without source, or a tree without roots. From awed to the will of heaven , Kong Zi turned his respect to the kings of the ground . This is manism . By contrast, Mo Zi exalted the will of heaven , emphasized the govern of the god, and put roots of his doctrines on the religion of ＂the will of the heaven＂, ＂believe ghost＂, ＂hold identical views with the heaven＇ s＂ ,＂ follow the example of the heaven＂.