量词形式对汉语名词所指“有界”、“无界”事物的影响——从事物的“有界”、“无界”判断,看汉、英语社会对事物的感知方式与文化类型差异

Influences of Classifiers on Mandarin Nouns Referring to "Boundary" and "Non-boundary" Objects:Differences of Perceptual Modes and Cultural Types in Mandarin and English Society in Terms of "Boundary" and "Non-boundary" Objects

文章从广义的文化修辞学角度,探讨了现代汉语名词对"有界"事物的表达。针对汉语的个体名词有一部分的所指是"同质"事物的事实,认为汉语的个体名词所指事物的"有界"与"无界"性质不适合用"同质"与"异质"标准来区分,但可以靠个体量词对事物空间外形的"定型"特征来区分,并认为对现代汉语名词所指事物的"有界"与"无界"性质判断,更适合采取事物的外形是否"定型"的"定形"标准。这种"定形"标准能充分反映出汉语名词特有的形式标签"量词"所具有的表形特征与汉语名词特有的个体量词这一形式特征,——这些特征决定了汉语的名词是属于所指事物在汉语社会的认知中"外形突显"的事物类型;同时,这种"定形"标准与有可数与不可数名词之分的语言所适合采取的"同质/异质"这样的"定性"标准,具有语言类型学意义上的互补性。文章认为,汉语名词所表现出的在事物空间"有界"、"无界"方面偏向外形的认知特征,反映的其实是汉语社会对事物的概念思维判断上的"具象性"文化特征;这种来自语义范畴这个语言最底层也是最终决定性方面的反映,较之语言的其他层面诸如文字、词汇、句法结构等,更具有深层隐秘性与真实可靠性。

Based on the fact that individual nouns in Mandarin partially refer to ＂homogeneous＂ objects,this paper holds that individual nouns referring to ＂boundary＂ and ＂non-boundary＂ features of objects are not fit for the criterion whether it is ＂homogeneous＂ or ＂heterogenic＂,but can be differentiated by the standardized feature of individual classifiers towards the spatial shape.Furthermore,it is more appropriate to decide whether an object is ＂boundary＂ or ＂non-boundary＂ by judging whether it is ＂standardized＂ or not.This ＂standardized＂ criterion is of some complementary significance in language typology,similar to the ＂homogeneous＂ or ＂heterogenic＂ criterion of languages with countable nouns and uncountable nouns.It further points out that the cognitive feature of Mandarin nouns showing exterior shape of objects actually reflects the ＂concreteness＂ of thinking mode in Mandarin;it shows the latency and reliability of the language in the fundamental phase compared with other phases of the language such as word,vocabulary and syntax.