国土资源规制:基本理论与中国实践

Natural Resources Regulation: Basic Theories and Practices in China

规制是政府或其特定部门,对企业及家庭、组织等行为,依据特定规定进行特定的约束。该文基于国土资源基础及其稀缺性和公共物品属性,以及企业活动的资源环境外部性等理论,提出国土资源规制的概念,认为国土资源规制既是对与国土资源相关的行为的规制,也是以国土资源为手段对企业及地方政府的规制。国土资源规制的基本内容包括:明晰国土资源基础状况、编制区域国土功能区划和国土规划、确定关键性国土资源的开发利用标准;优化国土资源规制路径,强化经济、法律、技术手段在国土资源规制中的运用;评定国土资源规制效果等。中国国土资源规制主要体现在土地参与宏观调控、用水配额管理和制定能源效率标准等方面。依据中国国土资源规制实践,选择出8个包含土地、水、能源、矿产和森林等在内的国土资源规制指标,以期建构我国国土资源规制的基本指标体系。同时,建议加强对重点行业和重点地区的国土资源规制,调整并完善现行统计指标体系和干部考核体系,以适应国土资源规制的需要。

Regulation is specific constraint on behavior of enterprises and the families that the government or its specific departments make, based on specific provisions. Based on natural resources base and its scarcity, the attribute of public goods, externality of business activity on resources and environment, this article puts forward the concept of natural resources regulation, which we think as constraint on behavior relevant to natural resources and a restriction tool of enterprise and local government. The basic contents of natural resources regulation include： a） making clear of the basic condition of natural resources, programming regional natural resources function zoning and natural resources planning, identifying the exploit and utilization standards of critical natural resources; b）optimizing regulation path of nautral resources, strengthening the apply of economic, legal and technology means in the process of natural resources regulation; c） evaluating the effect of natual resources regulation. Natural resources regulation in china mainly contains natural resources participating in macroeconomic control, water resources quota management and energy efficiency standards. According to the practice of natural resources regulation in china, eight indicators have been chosen to frame the basic index system of natural resources regulation, including natural resources, water resources, energy resources, mineral resources and forest resources. At the same time, it is suggested that strengthening natural resources regulation in the key sectors and key areas, adjusting and improving the current statistical indicator system and the cadre assessment system to adapt the need of natural resources regulation.