文学人类学的理论与方法——当代中国文学思想的人类学转向视角

The Theory and Method of Literary Anthropology——The Anthropological Turn of China's Literary Thought

从学术史来看,多元文化视角虽然直接源于20世纪迅速兴起的一个学科——文化人类学,但其推广应用的领域几乎遍及人文社会科学的所有门类。当代中国文学理念和文学思想从一元论到多元论的重要变化,可用"人类学转向"来概括。本文审视文论界和比较文学界新兴的跨学科研究潮流——文学人类学,梳理其学术理念和研究范式的发生。西方知识体系的普世合法性问题的提出,使现代性建构的文学学科的贵族化取向受到后殖民主义的反拨。各民族着眼"地方性知识论"的本土观点,给国际的文学研究带来多元文化视角的变革,体现于文学人类学的理论建构及研究实践。分析文学人类学派在中国的发展现状,评述其对人文研究方法论创新的贡献——"四重证据法",以"黄帝号有熊"为个案,可以展望四重证据法在人文研究领域的应用前景。

The multi-cultural perspective comes from the cultural anthropology that arose rapidly in the 20th century.Now China＇s literary idea and thoughts turn to the multi-perspectives,which can be generalized as an ＂anthropological turn＂.This paper surveys the literary theory and comparative literature and sorts out the academic idea and paradigm.The view of ＂local knowledge＂ gives a reform of the multi-cultural perspective of literature,reflecting the theoretical forming and practice of literary anthropology.By analysis of the status quo of literary anthropology and comments on ＂Yellow Emperor＇s Style Youxiong＂,the way of fourfold proof can have a bright future in the researches of humanities.