中亚水资源问题难解之原因探析

Causes of Water Resources Disputes in Central Asian Countries

中亚各国近期围绕新建水电站的问题争执不断,基于各国在新建水电站问题上的不同立场,形成了对立的两派。下游国家(哈萨克斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦、土库曼斯坦)和上游国家(塔吉克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦)就水资源的合作问题无法达成妥协。究其主要原因,包括:其一,中亚各国用水计划中存在根本的利益冲突。上游的国家追求能源独立,下游的国家追求灌溉水利的独立;其二,民族利己主义。即所有各方都只从自己的立场考虑问题,并且限制流域内其他国家的利益;其三,水资源问题政治化。水资源问题不仅成为中亚国家内部的政治工具,而且也会成为一些国家和组织利用的地缘政治工具。

Recently, Central Asian countries have been disputing over the construction of new hydroelectric power stations. These countries are of two parties in terms of their standpoints over the issue： the downstrean countries （Kazakhstan, Uzbekstan, Turkmenstan） and the upstream countries （Tajikstan, Kyrgystan）. They cannot reach an agreement for （1） each has its own interest that is in sharp contradiction with the other -- the upstream countries seek for independent energy strategy while the downstream ones independent irrigation strategy; （2） each considers only its own benefits and restricts the benefits of the other countries in the river region; （3） water resources issue has become not only a political instrument in these countries but also one in other countries and organizations to obtain geopolitical benefits.