中国城市的职业流动:水平与差异

Job Mobility in Urban China:Trends and Patterns

社会学家传统上使用流动表考察职业流动状况。运用人口学方法提出一种新的职业流动水平的测量指标,即总和流动率。利用2003年全国综合社会调查数据,通过总和流动率的计算,近40年来我国城市的职业流动率出现了大幅度增长。按照2002年的职业流动率水平,我国城市地区人们一生将从事三份工作或职业。同时,职业流动率的社会经济差异非常明显,较高的职业流动率发生在男性、未婚、少数民族、初中受教育程度、党员和流动人口群体中。对职业流动率测量作了新探索,提出的总和流动率概念简洁、计算方便,并具有标准化指标性质,故有一定的学术和应用价值。

Sociologists conventionally use mobility tables to study job mobility patterns largely regarding inter - generational or intra - generational mobility rates. The purpose of this paper is to propose a different approach, a demographic approach, to measure and analyze job mobility Exactly as the way in which total fertility rate is calculated, a measure of job mobility rate, called total job mobility rate （TMR）, can be calculated using job history data. TMR can be obtained for both the entire population and for different population groups. This paper uses data from the 2003 Chinese General Social Survey to examine levels, trends and patterns of job mobility in urban China. Results show that there is a tremendous increase in job mobility rate in urban China over the last 40 years. Before the 1980s urban residents had only one or little more than one job over their lifetime;number of jobs over lifetime increased to two in the early 1990s and to about 3 in 2002. The 2002 TMR was much higher than the actual mobility rate for the 65 -59 years old cohort. Both the increasing level in period mobility rate and the comparison of the period rate with the cohort rate show dramatic changes in job mobility in urban China. There are also enormous age, gender, education, marital status and other differentials in job mobility rate. Job mobility patterns in urban China are consistent with the predictions of job mobility theories while also having own characteristics.