“主体性”的张扬与膨胀——“西方马克思主义实践观”对我国美学文艺学影响的反思

Assertion and Expansion of "Subjectivity"——Reflections on the Influence of Western Marxist Practice View on Chinese Aesthetics and Literature

"西方马克思主义"的实践观,在我国美学、文艺理论的建构与发展中产生了特殊的影响。一方面,为了克服某些理论倾向中较为僵化、机械的毛病,"西马"强调了"主体性"维度,这在某种程度上是有意义、有必要的。但是,另一方面我们不得不说,也许是矫枉过正的原因,对以人为中心的"主体性"、"人道主义"等的强调,都走向了极端,把"主体性"的张扬变成了"主体性膨胀";而人道主义则变成了"抽象的人性论"。不顾或忽略"自由"以及实践"主体"的各种形式的决定论,抛弃彻底唯物主义的客观物质世界一元本体观,无视人的主体的历史性,"主体性"张扬就遇到了危机,走向了另外一种极端——从否定任何主体性的"庸俗马克思主义"、"机械唯物主义"、教条主义的极端,走向了主观唯心主义、形而上学、纯粹的唯我论、非理性主义,甚至走向一种宿命论的极端。

The practice view of western Marxism has exerted special influence on the construction and development of aesthetics and literary theory in our country.On one hand,to overcome the rigid and mechanical faults of some theories,western Marxism puts emphasis on subjectivity,which is to some extent meaningful and necessary,but on the other hand,we have to admit that the emphasis on human-centered subjectivity and humanism goes to the other extreme,and turns ＂assertion of subjectivity＂ into ＂expansion of subjectivity＂ and humanism turns into＂abstract humanism＂.All forms of determinism that either ignore or neglect ＂liberty＂ or the ＂subject＂of practice,and the idea of monistic ontology of object material world that completely abandons the materialistic view and pays no attention to the historical nature of human subject,the assertion of subjectivity would encounter crisis and goes to even another extreme,that is,from mediocre Marxism,mechanic materialism and dogmatism which deny any subjectivity to subjective idealism,metaphysics,pure solipsism and irrationalism,even fatalism.