西安地区中小型西汉墓的分期与年代研究

THE PERIODIZATIONAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL RESEARCHES ON THE MEDIUM-AND SMALL-SIZED TOMBS OF THE WESTERN HAN DYNASTY IN XI'AN REGION

近些年来，西安地区在配合城市建设中清理了数万座西汉时期墓葬，为汉墓的系统编年研究提供了丰富资料，本文以《西安龙首原汉墓》、《长安汉墓》、《白鹿原汉墓》等考古报告及已发表的相关资料为依据，对西安地区西汉中小型墓葬的形制、出土器物进行类型学分析，在此基础上对墓葬的分期与年代问题进行探讨，不妥之处敬请批评指正。

This paper makes systematic periodizational research on the medium-and small-sized tombs of the Western Han Dynasty in Xi'an region based on the published materials and the past researches done by other scholars with the methods of archaeological typology.The Western Han tombs could be generally classified into two large groups:vertical shaft tombs and cave tombs.The large-and medium-sized tombs were mainly the former but were gradually transforming to the latter;the small-sized tombs were mostly cave tombs.The general evolution trends of the Western Han tombs were from earthen shaft or earthen cave tombs to brick-or stone-chamber tombs and from single-chambered to multi-chambered tombs.The grave goods of the Western Han tombs had countless types and categories,but this paper only selects the typical potteries,bronze mirrors and coins to analyze.The potteries' types were mainly ritual vessels simulating bronze ones and funeral objects simulating daily utensils,the most time-sensitive types of which,such as ding-tripods,cases,fang-square wine jars,vases with garlic-shaped rim,jugs,jars,barns,stoves,zun-wine vessels,are subject to the typological analyses.Bronze mirrors and coins are important to date the tombs,and the coexistences of these two items with the tomb types and the typical grave good assemblages are also one of the central topics of this paper.These coexistences showed that the Western Han tombs in Xi'an region could be dated into four phases,and the Phases III and IV could be again dated into the early and later stages,respectively:Phase I corresponded to the end of the Qin Dynasty through the reign of Emperor Wendi;Phase II corresponded to the reign of Emperor Wendi to the early reign of Emperor Wudi(before the fifth year of Yuanshou Era,118 BC);the early stage of Phase III,the later reign of Emperor Wudi to the early reign of Emperor Xuandi and the later,the later reign of Emperor Xuandi and the reign of Emperor Yuandi;the early stage of Phase IV,the end of Emperor Yuandi's reign to the time before the founding of the Xin Dynasty by Wang Mang and the later stage,the Xin Dynasty or somewhat later.