俄国1861年改革后农民赋役负担探析

An Analysis of the Burden of Taxes and Corvee after the Peasant Reform of 1861 in Russia

俄国1861年农民改革废除了农民的封建人身依附关系,农民成为法定的自由人,同时可以获得土地所有权。但是改革后的赋役负担制约了农民自由权利和土地所有权的实现。政府仍奉行严厉的赋税政策,农民想尽各种办法筹集税款,却终难摆脱欠税的命运。农民承担的劳役租、代役租和混合租在改革后均转变为代役租,加之担负着各种实物义务,农民的经济负担愈益沉重。繁重的赋役负担迫使大量农民破产,严重阻碍了农民经济的发展。

The Peasant Reform of 1861 in Russia abolished the feudal relations of personal dependence,peasants became free people by law,and could get the land ownership.However,the burden of taxes and corvee restricted the realization of farmers＇rights and the freedom of the ownership of the land after the reform.Russian government still pursued stringent tax policy,under the circumstance,though the farmers made every effort to raise tax payment,it was hard for them to get rid of the fate of outstanding taxes eventually.After the reform,the socage,quitrent and mixed rent which farmers bore were all transformed into quitrent.Besides,there were other physical obligation,all of these became a heavy financial burden for farmers,which forced a large number of farmers into bankruptcy and impeded seriously the economic development of farmers.