海事赔偿责任限制优先适用原则研究——兼论海事赔偿责任限制权利之属性

The Principle of Priority in Application in Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims

海事赔偿责任限制在外部关系上体现优先适用原则,即船舶优先权、船舶抵押权、船舶碰撞以及船舶扣押制度等都不影响海事赔偿责任限制的优先适用; 海事赔偿责任限制在内部关系上体现优先适用原则,除并行于海事赔偿责任限制的责任限制制度外,所有其他责任限制制度,要么受制于海事赔偿责任限制,要么共享海事赔偿责任限制的限额,而与海事赔偿责任限制并行的责任限制制度,则互不影响,不存在优先适用的问题,即在同一事故中,可能并存独立的互不影响的几个责任限制的限额,如海事赔偿责任的限额、油污损害赔偿的限额、有毒有害物质赔偿限额。海事赔偿责任限制的权利主体相对于自身关系的相对人来说,其权利属性不是抗辩权,也不是请求权,而是形成权的特殊类型; 海事赔偿责任限制的权利主体相对于自身关系之外的其他关系的相对人,其权利属性仍然是形成权的特殊类型,本文称之为"海事优位权"。

In external relations,the principle of priority in application embodied in Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims （＂LLMC＂） refers to the fact that regimes such as priority claim to seagoing ships, maritime mortgage, collisions, and detention of ships shall be subject to the priority of LLMC. In internal relations,the principle means that all the rest systems of limitation of liability, except the system of limitation of liability parallel to LLMC, shall be either restricted by LLMC, or share the same amount of limitation with LLMC. As for those regimes parallel to LLMC, si accordingly. nce they do not interact on each other,there exists no issue of priority in application Or namely, in a same accident, several separate limitations of liability may concurrently arise, such as limitations of liability for maritime claim, oil pollution damage, as well as damages for hazardous and noxious substances. As for the subject of right in LLMC vis-a-vis a counterpart involving one＇ s own relations, the nature of the right is not right to claim,but a special type of right to formation. As for the subject of right defense in LLMC , neither terpart involving other relations beyond one＇ s own relations, the nature of the right right to against a counalso belongs to a special type of right to formation, which is addressed as ＂senior hierarchy of maritime claim＂ in this paper.