美国联邦法律中的迅速审判权

Right to Speedy Trial under US Federal Law

迅速审判权是美国宪法第6修正案规定的宪法性权利,也是联邦《迅速审判法》规定的重要诉讼权利。迅速审判的思想起源于英国,后传播至美国并经历了漫长的发展,被认为是"不同于其它宪法权利的基本权利"。美国联邦《宪法》和联邦《迅速审判法》是保护迅速审判权的两大主要法源,分别规定了不同的迅速审判权期限要求、衡量审查标准和救济途径,在保护迅速审判权上形成了各具特色的保护模式。但总体来说,迅速审判权的实现并不容易,消除程序拖延目标的实现还需更多的努力。美国迅速审判的立法与司法保护模式对完善我国刑事诉讼立法具有诸多启示。

Right to speedy trial is a constitutional right provided by the Sixth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, and is also protected as an important procedural right by federal laws such as Speedy Trial Act. The concept of speedy trial originated from Britain, then spread to America and went through a long process of development. It is considered as ＂a fundamental right which is different from any other constitutional rights＂. The U.S. Constitution and Speedy Trial Act serve as the two main sources of law for the protection of right to speedy trial, but their protection models differ in time limits, criteria of test and remedies, each having its own distinctive features. Generally speaking, more efforts are needed to eliminate procedural delays, as it is difficult to realize right to speedy trial. The legislation and judicial protection of right to speedy trial in U.S. can give us much inspiration in improving our criminal procedures.