《马氏文通》与日本广池《中国文法》——清末中日汉语文言语法理论体系的建立

Mashi Wentong and Japanese scholar Hiruike Chikuru's Chinese Grammar:The Establishment of Grammar System of the Classical Chinese Language Around the End of the Qing Dynasty

日本广池千九郎的《中国文法》晚出于《马氏文通》4年,并尝试对《马氏文通》进行学术批评。二者文言语法研究内容体例编排特点突出,语法理论体系各自有差异,但或多或少都与西方语法理论有关,同时也注意吸收中国传统训诂成果,尽管程度有所不同。在语法研究方法上,二者划分词类皆以词义为标准,注意语法意义标准,同时也都考虑了汉语文言语法词类划分和句法成分之间的关系。与《马氏文通》一样,广池的比较法也有共时比较、历时比较、中英比较、中日英比较等几类,甚至比前者更为明显。《中国文法》和《马氏文通》文言语法研究理论体系的建立,对我国汉语文言语法和白话语法理论体系的建立功绩巨大,对当今文言语法研究也有诸多启示。

Hiruike Chikuru＇s Chinese Grammar was published 4 years later than Mashi Wentong.In Chinese Grammar,Hiruike Chikuru tried to criticize Mashi Wentong in several aspects These two classical Chinese language＇s grammar books both have their own characters on contents,layouts and grammatical systems.Though different in many ways,they have something in common.Despite little distinctive in the extent of absorption,both of them absorbed western grammar theories and achievements of traditional Chinese exegesis at the same time.In the methods of grammatical research,both of them not only take meanings of words as their criterion,but also consider grammatical meaning of words.Like Ma ＇s,Hiruike Chikuru ＇s ways of comparison including synchronic comparison,diachronic comparison,comparison between Chinese and English,and comparison between Chinese,Japanese and English.Hiruike ＇s comparison is more obvious than Ma＇s.The significance of the achievement is magnificent.It not only contributes to the establishment of the grammatical system of the classical Chinese language and the vernacular language,but also has many inspirations on nowadays＇ research of the classical Chinese language