靶目标预曝光对基于事件前瞻记忆的影响

The Effect of Target Pre-exposure on Event-based Prospective Memory

采用双任务实验范式,以大学生为被试。实验一探讨在前瞻记忆任务指导语之前,对靶目标充分学习,达到靶目标的预曝光,研究靶目标预曝光对基于事件的前瞻记忆的影响。实验二探讨不同曝光率的靶目标预曝光对前瞻记忆的影响。结果表明:(1)靶目标预曝光能够提高前瞻记忆的成绩;(2)靶目标预曝光率越高,前瞻记忆成绩越好;(3)靶目标预曝光能够减少注意资源的占用。

Prospective memory （PM） refers to memory of executing an intended action at an appropriate point. Researchers found that divided attention would disrupt the prospective memory performance. This study controlled one possible manipulation to render PM resistant to distraction to explor the idea that sufficient exposure to the target event prior： to its being designated as such might aid detection of that target, thereby improving PM in the face of demanding ongoing activities. This research also intended to explore the lowest target pre-exposure level which could decrease the disruption of divided attention to prospective memory, and was concerned about the regular pattern of this improvement by different levels of target pre-exposure. This study included two experiments using the classical double-task PM paradigm. In Experiment 1, for some participants, we required extensive processing of the targets prior to the PM task instructions. Other participants were not exposed to the targets prior to the PM instructions. One hundred and two students were randomly chosen from a university. The design was a 2 × 2 mixed factorial one, with pre-exposure to targets （pre-exposure, no pre-exposure） varied between subjects and attentional demand during the word rating task （standard, high） varied within subjects. A separate control group had no target pre-exposure and no prospective memory task, which just performed the digit detection task with the word rating task. On the basis of Experiment 1, the Experiment 2 manipulated different levels of target pre-exposure to explore the pattern of improvement to the PM performance in an ongoing divided attention task. 130 college students were randomly chosen and divided into four groups with different target pre-exposure levels, including 100% pre-exposure group, 75% pre-exposure group, 25% pre-exposure group and no pre-exposure group. Half participants of each group accepted standard and high attentional demand conditions during the word rating task. The results of Experiment 1 showed that using both the strict and lenient criterion method, the main effect of target pre-exposure was .significant. The target pre-exposure group＇s score was significantly higher than the no-pre-exposure group s. Compared with the high attentional demand condition, the PM performance of the standard attentional demand condition was significantly better. The results of Experiment 2 showed that using both of the strict and lenient criterion methods, PM score performed a decreasing tendency a from high to a low level of target pre-exposure. The result of digit detection errors indicated that there was a significant difference between the 100% pre-exposure group and the no-pre-exposure group. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated that the targets exposing prior to the PM instructions generally improved PM performance, and target pre-exposure eliminated nearly all failures to remember the intended action. That is, in the pre-exposure group, participants rarely realized that they needed to do something when the target occurred, but forgot the intended action. Secondly, target pre-exposure eliminated the significant negative effect of increasing the attentional demands of the ongoing activity. Thirdly, PM performance became better as the target pre-exposure level rose. In the 25 % target pre-exposure conditions,, target preexposure was capable of reducing the disruption of divided attention to the PM performance. According to these results, the simple activation model was supported.