大规模替代化石及其他有限能源的固有安全高温核动力

An inherently-safe high-temperature nuclear energy producing process for the replacement of fossil and other depletive energy on a large scale

为充分发挥核能的巨大潜力,使之在21世纪内早日更大规模地替代煤炭和其他化石与水力能源,本文介绍如何通过创造性地改进融盐冷却球床高温堆一回路的热工水力设计,实现"在任何功率下长期自动运行生产高温核能方法"。该方法在充满高沸点(融盐)一次载热剂的深池内,采用特别简单的一体化回路布置,使融盐沿水平方向流过位于池底的环状堆芯,吸收其中球形燃料元件的裂变热,升温后由中央流道上升;再通过位于池顶、淹没在融盐内的敞口式超低阻力换热器,可完全利用自然循环,将全部裂变能量输送给二次载热剂。冷却后的融盐依靠重力沿下降流道回到位于池底的堆芯。由于载热剂利用上升与下降流道间密度差产生的浮力进行自然循环,故无需任何循环泵。由于采用在线连续换料方法,该融盐反应堆可保持在很低的过剩反应性下运行。反应堆具有较大负温度系数,故可不依靠设置刚性控制棒系统,只跟随外负荷变化自动调节其堆芯裂变功率。此种固有安全核动力堆具有高度简单的反应堆结构,高度透明的安全性,高度灵活的功率范围与厂址选择,与比其他同类先进高温反应堆更低的投资和运行成本,其单堆的功率大小没有限制,既可与小型模块式电站竞争,又可建成以超过世界最大水电站的巨型电站,从而可以全面地大规模代替化石及其他受自然资源制约的能源,并与未来廉价的大规模可再生能源配合,保证世界可持续发展。

To fully exploit the huge potential of nuclear energy for the replacement of fossil and other depletive energy as early as practical in 21st century,a novel process for producing high-temperature nuclear with full-power natural circulation operation is proposed,based on the innovative thermal-hydraulic designs of the primary circuit of a liquid-salt-cooled pebble bed reactor.In a deep-pool reactor featured with an ultra-simplified integral primary circuit,the high boiling-point primary coolant flows horizontally through an annular reactor core installed at the bottom of the pool,and is heated by the fission heat generated inside the spherical nuclear fuel elements.The heated coolant then flows upward in the central up-riser to the top of the pool,and then flows downward through a set of ultra-low resistance heat exchanger installed at the top of the pool and immerged under the surface of said primary coolant.The coolant is cooled therein by the secondary coolant,flows downward along the down-comer,and eventually returns to the reactor core.The flow of primary coolant is driven sorely by the natural circulation caused by the density difference of the primary coolants between the coolant riser and down-comer,no forced circulation pump is required.Since the excess reactivity of the reactor core is always kept low with continuous on-line refueling of the fuel balls,and the negative temperature coefficient is large,the core fission power could follow the external load fluctuation automatically throughout the entire operation cycles without using solid control rod systems.As a result,the layout of the integral primary circuit of such a reactor is extreme simple,and the inherently safety features are straightforward.The unit capacity of such a reactor has no theoretical limitation.It may extend from an MSR level up to a mammoth station as high as the largest hydro-station.The capital and generation costs would be lower than most other kind of power plants of comparative size.It could replace the fossil or other depletive energy on a large scale,and be supported with the future cheap,large-scale renewable energies to guarantee the sustainable developments of the world future.