反思与重构：论“主体民族志”

Reflection and Reconstruction:on "Subjective Ethnography"

本文在批评科学民族志、解释人类学民族志并反思后现代民族志的基础上,提出"主体民族志"的概念,并对"主体民族志"的认识论基础及其叙事进行了讨论。就一般意义而言,由于民族志客体都是被主体建构出来的,故而所有的民族志都只能是"主体民族志"形式,所谓科学民族志只是一个虚假概念;就当下意义而言,以往的民族志存在的重大缺陷是对主体表述的缺失,提出"主体民族志"概念具有丰富民族志写作内涵的意义;就根本意义而言,"主体民族志"是对科学民族志的颠覆,但这种颠覆并不在于用一种范式去取代另一范式,而是对各种范式意义的根本性质疑,进而达到对不同民族志作者及作品的相对性真理的认可与平等性地位的确立。

The paper provides a critical reflection on scientific,interpretive,and postmodern ethnographies.Based on it,the paper puts forward a new concept-'subjective ethnography' and elaborates on its epistemological and narrative foundations.'Subjective ethnography' entails three implications.Firstly and in general,since ethnographic objects are constructed by the subject,all ethnographies have to be subjective so that the so-called scientific ethnography is nothing but a conceptual illusion.Secondly and for the present situation,previous ethnographies are erroneous for its lack of the subjective representation,so that 'subjective ethnography' will enrich ethnographic writing.Thirdly and fundamentally,'subjective ethnography' is subversive to scientific ethnography,not in the sense of replacing its paradigm with a new one,but in the sense of fundamental challenge on paradigm itself.'Subjective ethnography'thus establishes the relative truthfulness and equality of different ethnographers and ethnographies.