科举体制下明朝少数民族教育公平问题及其解决策略

Research on Educational Equality and the Solving Strategies for the Ethnic Minorities under the System of the Imperial Examination in Ming Dynasty

明朝是汉族统治王朝,也是中国历史上民族交融的中央集权封建王朝。当统治者意识到边地少数民族教育发展及公平问题成为明王朝统治的重要影响因素时,即采取"推行王化,以变夷风"的民族教育政策,努力促进边地民族教育文化风气的改善。他们积极对少数民族实施科举考试,把实施科举和发展少数民族教育提高到巩固多民族国家稳定的高度来认识,努力促进"导民善俗";进一步完善学校教育体系,促进太学、儒学、社学及书院的发展;采取"就近乡试"、增加"解额"、禁止"冒籍"、"加俸级优异之"及对土官子弟的管理优待等诸多"倾斜"、"优惠"政策,使诸多少数民族子弟向上层流动的趋向清晰可见,少数民族教育发展显著提升,从而顺利地实施政治统治。

The Ming established by Han was an authoritarian feudal dynasty with many nationalities.The governors realized that the development of the minorities＇ education was an important factor,the same as strengthing the national stability.They implemented the Imperial Examination with some strategies and approaches of ＂inclining and preference＂ and reconstructured the whole school system in order to improve the minorities＇ cultural level,including provincial examination in the nearest place,increasing＂the amount of examinees＂,prohibiting ＂the posing＂ etc,it reduced the educational and cultural gaps between all the national minorities,and it was very clearly to see the minorities in the high socail level,so the governors fulfilled the feudal ruling.