青少年特发性颈椎后凸畸形治疗策略

Adolescent idiopathic cervical kyphosis：grade and treatment

目的 探讨并总结青少年特发性颈椎后凸畸形的临床特征和分度、分期治疗策略的选择.方法 回顾性分析2004年1月至2010年8月收治的115例青少年特发性颈椎后凸畸形患者.男34例,女81例;年龄12.4～18.4岁,平均15.1岁.先依治疗前的后凸Cobb角分度标准,将患者分为Ⅰ～Ⅳ度组：Ⅰ度组为12.7°±1.8°,共47例;Ⅱ度组为25.4°±6.4°,共31例;Ⅲ度组为47.2°±-4.1°,共22例;Ⅳ度组为62.6°±5.7°,共15例.对Ⅰ度组患者予以颈托保护下活动4～8周;对Ⅱ度组者予以颅骨牵引7～14d,达生理曲度后头颈胸石膏固定8～12周.以在伸展侧位片上测量的椎体后缘切线夹角作为依据,决定Ⅲ度组患者前路融合范围和Ⅳ度组后部截骨高度及角度;对Ⅳ度组患者采取分期治疗,先行后路截骨及前路松解术,术后行颅骨牵引7～10d、使颈椎后凸达到最大的矫正后,二期行颈前路矫形植骨内固定术.结果 Ⅰ度组患者佩戴颈托4～8周后X线片显示：Cobb角为-5.2°±3.1°;Ⅱ度组颅骨牵引后X线片显示：Cobb角为-8.2°±6.8°.术后3天X线片显示,Cobb角Ⅲ度组为-4.5°±7.2°,Ⅳ度组为-2.9°±7.9°.患者外观畸形明显矫正,颈痛及神经症状改善明显.Ⅲ度、Ⅳ度组患者治疗后颈椎MRI显示：颈椎生理曲度重建,后凸畸形区域脑脊液线清晰,脊髓未见压迫.结论 对青少年特发性颈椎后凸畸形患者应进行全面评估,采取分度、分期治疗,形成合理的治疗策略.

Objective To explore the appropriate treatment according to the grading system of adolescent idiopathic cervical kyphosis.Methods A retrospective study was performed in 115 adolescent patients with idiopathic cervical kyphosis.The patients were divided into 4 groups according to the magnitude of kyphosis.The initial Cobb angle of 4 groups were 12.7°±1.4° 25.4°±4.8°,47.2°±4.4° and 62.6°±5.7° respectively.The patients in group I were treated with the collar support for 4-8 weeks.The patients in group Ⅱ were treated with skull traction （3-5 kg） and then fixed by cranio-cervical-thoracic plaster.According to the angles between the tangents of posterior vertebral body at each level on lateral cervical radiograph in extension,the anterior fusion levels of the group Ⅲ and angles and range of osteotomy in the group Ⅳ were decided.In group Ⅳ,the patients were treated by two steps.The anterior release and posterior osteotomy were performed firstly.Then skull traction （1/10 body weight） was maintained in order to correct the deformity for 7-10 days,fusion and anterior fusion with autologous bone graft and internal fixation was completed.Results Post-operative radiograph showed that Cobb angle were -5.5°±2.0°,-8.2°±6.1°,-4.5°±6.6° and -2.9°±7.9° in Ⅰ-Ⅳ group after treatment.The deformed appearance of the patients improved significantly.A improvement neck pain and neurologic function were found in all patients.Post-operative MRI showed that physiological curve of the cervical spine was restored,and the cerebrospinal fluid line was clear in the previous kyphosis area.Conclusion Adolescent idiopathic cervical kyphosis has specific characteristics.Surgical strategy is determined by the severity of deformity.