中国生物入侵的现状与趋势

Status Quo and Trends of Biological Invasion Into China

采用文献调研、实地考察与专家咨询相结合的方式,对中国境内森林、湿地、草原、荒漠、内陆水域和海洋等生态系统的外来入侵物种进行调查,共查明488种外来入侵物种并收集其详细信息,包括名称、分类地位、分布、起源、首次发现或引入的地点和时间、入侵途径、危害、营养和环境条件等。在这488种外来入侵物种中,植物265种,动物171种,菌物26种,病毒12种,原核生物11种,原生生物3种。对有较明确入侵时间记载的392种外来入侵物种入侵年代的分析结果表明,1850年以前,仅出现31种外来入侵物种,自1850年起,新的外来入侵物种种数总体呈逐步上升趋势,特别是1950年后的60 a间,新出现209种。外来入侵物种首次发现的地点集中在沿海地区及云南和新疆等边疆地区,但首次发现地点有逐步北移的趋势。有意引进与无意引进的外来入侵物种种数所占比例十分接近,近年来无意引进成为首要途径。美洲、欧洲和亚洲其他地区是中国外来入侵物种的主要来源地。外来入侵物种的分布呈现由沿海向内陆逐步减少的趋势。

Combining literature review,filed survey and expert consultation,investigations were carried out of invasive alien species（IAS） in forest,wetland,grassland,desert,inland water and ocean（sea） ecosystems of China.A total of 488 IAS were identified with detailed information collected including name,taxonomy,distribution,origin,location and time first detected or introduced,pathway,hazard,nutrient circumstance,and habitats.Of the 488 IAS,265 were plants,171 animals,26 fungi,12 vira,11 procaryotes and 3 protists.Analysis of the invasion years of the 392 IAS that have specific records reveals that only 31 IAS came in before 1850 and the number of IAS has been increasing steadily since 1850,especially since 1950.During the 60 years after 1950,209 IAS appeared.Their debuts occurred mainly in the coastal regions and border provinces,like Yunnan Province and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region,but the stage tends to be moving northward.The percentage of intentional introduction almost equaled to that of unintentional introduction,but the latter has become the primary in recent years.America,Europe and other parts of Asia are the main origins of IAS of China.The number of IAS presents a decreasing trend from coastal regions towards inland.