殷商旅行诹日卜辞研究

Study on Oracle-bone Inscriptions of Zouri for Traveling in the Shang Dynasty

"诹日"又称"诹吉",是古代选择吉日的一种方术。其发源莫知其涯。甲骨文中有诹日卜辞,学界对此业已达成共识,但对诹日产生的具体时代尚有分歧。有人认为武丁时代无诹日,诹日观念产生于廪辛、康丁时期;有学者主张武丁时代不仅诹日,且"已有日书之实"。本文赞成武丁时代诹日说,并论证了"出入、田猎、征伐"三种典型旅行诹日卜辞,指出商代诹日不分刚、柔,载籍所谓外事"刚日"、内事"柔日"完全是周人的观念。本文不认为商代有"日书",因为殷商和西周时代的诹日没有脱离龟卜筮占而独立存在,"日书"产生的前提条件尚不具备。

Zouri, also called Zouji, is a way of divining an auspicious day in the ancient China. The academics have reached the consensus that there had been Zouri in the oracle-bone inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty, but there is controversy over the exact period of Zouri＇s origination. Some think that Zouri originated in the time of Linxin and Kangding, rather than the time of Wuding. Meanwhile, others think that Zouri existed in the Wuding＇s reign, and even Rishu （the ancient almanac） had appeared at that time. This paper agrees with the latter opinion about Zouri originating in the Wuding＇s reign, and focuses on the oracle inscriptions on the tortoise shells of three typical kinds of Zouri for traveling： going out on a journey ＆ coming back home, hunting and going to war. It is discussed that the Shang Zouri did not choose between even- and odd- dates, and the statement in some historical materials that even dates should be selected for external affairs, yet odd dates for domestic affairs, was popular in the Zhou Dynasty. The paper also points out there was no Rishu in the Shang Dynasty because Zouri then couldn＇t be independent of the divination by tortoise shells and stalks, and there were no enough preconditions for the advent of Rishu.