论士大夫趣味与儒家文道关系说之形成

Formation of Literati and Officialdom's Taste and Relationship between Writing and Tao in Confucian Tradition

"趣味"或"趣味结构"是人们精神世界的集中表现,从这一角度出发来考察文艺思想或审美意识可以揭示在各种概念、范畴、观点背后隐含的丰富文化心理意蕴。士大夫阶层是中国古代文化在两千多年的发展演变中居于主导地位的知识阶层,这个知识阶层的"趣味结构"决定着中国古代文艺思想的基本特点与价值取向。士大夫阶层的"趣味结构"主要有四个相互关联的维度构成:一是鲜明的、带有某种自恋色彩的自我意识;二是高远到令人难以企及的人格理想;三是被神圣化了的"师"的角色意识;四是"道"的终极价值。"道"是整个士大夫文化的标志性范畴。儒家的"文"与"道"的关系之说在中国古代文艺思想史上居于核心位置,而此说之形成即是士大夫趣味的必然产物。自东汉以降,士大夫趣味与文人趣味并行而不悖、相得而益彰,共同引导着中国古代文学艺术的发展走势。

Taste or the structure of taste is a concentrated representation of the human spiritual world.For this reason,we could observe and study the ideology of literature and the aesthetic consciousness,in order to reveal the rich cultural mentalities hiding behind all those conceptions,fields and opinions.The literati and officialdom class is the leading intelligentsia in the past 2000 years of the ancient Chinese culture,therefore its structure of taste decides the fundamental characteristic and the value orientation of the ancient Chinese literary ideology.The relationship between Writing and Tao in the Confucian tradition plays a central role,and the formation of this relationship is a necessary consequence of that taste.