郑玄礼学体系管窥——以藏冰用冰和五祀说为例

An Understanding of the Protocol System by ZHENG Xuan:Cases of ice-storing and-using,and the five targets of sacrificing

前贤曾指出,郑玄礼学体系一本《周礼》。本文略举两例为之说明。其一,以"藏冰"、"用冰"为例:虽然郑玄主要依据《左传》文字说明礼学经典中所见"藏冰"、"用冰"的时间顺序,但回归《左传》则发现郑玄所释时间顺序无法与之相吻合,实则依从《周礼.天官.凌人》等所述"藏冰"、"用冰"顺序,而有别于服虔、杜预等立足《左传》的解释立场。可见在面对众多经典需要选择取舍之际,郑玄立足《周礼》立论,阐释经义。其二,以"五祀"为例:关于"五祀"记载主要见于三礼文献之中,但是杂乱无序、矛盾丛生。郑玄依据《周礼.大宗伯》祭祀体系,首先确定"五祀"祭祀等级,然后选取等级分明的《祭法》篇为基准,构建出合理的周代"五祀"祭祀制度,再以时代和等级差异调和其他记载。但是《大宗伯》记载明显与《周礼.春官.司服》相矛盾,郑玄却弃之不用。据此,可见在礼学经典内部矛盾抵牾之中,郑玄也遵从《周礼》以调和众说,构建礼制。然而既然《周礼》文本存在矛盾,而郑玄在其中又有所去取,那么郑玄所依据的不过是理想的文本而已。

Former scholars have pointed out that the protocol system set up by ZHENG Xuan follows that of the Zhou Etiquette.This paper provides two illustrations for the view.The first takes as example the ways of ＂ice-storing＂ and ＂ice-using＂ in ancient times.ZHENG Xuan explicates the temporal sequence recorded in the classics by referring to the narrative in Zuo Zhuan,but my study indicates that the two do not agree;in fact,ZHENG has followed the order of the Ling Ren in Zhou Etiquette.The second is from the ＂five targets of sacrificing＂.The relevant records are seen in Zhou Etiquette,Protocols,and The Book of Rites,yet there are numerous conflicts and disorders.I found that ZHENG sought help from the Da Zong Bo in Zhou Etiquette.However,even though the texts in Zhou Etiquette have apparent problems,ZHENG still adheres to them for choice making.Therefore,what ZHENG has stuck to is nothing but idealized texts.