明代九边官豪的私业经营与政府控制

Official Despots' Management of Private Businesses in the Nine Border Towns and the State Control in the Ming Dynasty

明代在长期经营北方边地防守中,形成一个以军人为主体的九边准军事社会。在这一特殊的社会里产生了以军事将官为主体的官豪。官豪的出现和发展,客观上改变了部分军事将官及其管理者的"公职"身份和军事职能,他们将部分精力用来非法经营土地和商业等私利活动,开始了自己的特殊经济生活。不论是土地经营还是商业等活动,都深深地打上"豪"的烙印,使国家和社会利益受到大量的损害。政府一开始的控制主要依靠法律条文,后又通过让步和增设监察官员,以及增设部分部门的专职官员等措施,加以管理和控制,但几乎没有起到实质性的作用。对官豪及其营私活动的失于控制,导致了九边诸多制度与政策失败,加速了九边防务与社会危机。

During long-term management of defense affairs in northern borders of China, the Ming Dynasty shaped a warrior-centered sub-military society in the nine border towns. This special society produced a group of general-centered official despots. The appearance and growth of these official despots objectively changed the ＂official＂ identity and military function of part of military officers and administrators, who started their special economic life by sparing part of concern with illegally running land and commercial business for private profits. In fact, either land operation or commercial activity was deep imprinted with the stigma of ＂despot＂, greatly damaging the state and social interests. The governmental loss of control over official despots and their private business activity led to the failure of many regulations and policies to the nine border towns, speeding up the collapse of defense affairs and social crisis.