金融排斥及其治理路径

Financial Exclusion:Problems and Governing Path

我国金融发展面临着如何解决低收入群体的金融需求问题。从正规金融机构的所有权结构来看,金融排斥解决的组织形态包括商业金融组织、公有制金融组织和合作金融组织。商业金融组织基于社会责任而向低收入群体和地区提供信贷资金。美国《社区再投资法》为其他国家和地区提供了立法参照。而遵循非营利性和地区化取向的公有制金融组织在解决金融排斥问题上有其独特的制度功能。我国国有银行商业化改制的后果是越来越背离农村低收入群体的金融需求。合作金融组织是普惠金融体系的核心。但是,我国农村信用合作社已经异化为地方政府控制下的商业金融机构,并非真正意义上的合作金融组织。作为真正意义上的新型农村合作金融组织,农村资金互助社面临着诸多制度约束。国际合作金融发展的趋势、农民专业合作社立法以及政治环境对农村资金互助社的合作互助性质产生了不同程度上的影响,这是农村资金互助社制度创新需要着重解决的问题。

China＇s financial development faces many obstacles,such as how provide financial services to the poor.Form the perspective of firm ownership structure,there are three types financial firms： investor-owned,public-body owned and member-owned structure.Commercial banks lend credit loans to the poor under social responsibility.US Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 sets an example for other legislations.The basic goals of CRA are applauded.But US CRA is a model of ambiguity without much real-word effect.CRA imposes costs and burdens on banking industry.Most importantly,China＇s banking law hasn＇t put focus on social responsibility.And public-body owned financial institutions have unique function because of not-for-profit and local oriented business policy.The cooperative financial institutions are foundations of inclusive financial system.The nature is that members are the owners of the financial cooperatives.But China＇s rural credit unions have been demutualized into for-profit commercial banks.As for new type financial cooperatives,rural credit mutual face institutional constraints.International cooperative financial development trends,farmer cooperatives laws and political determinants have distorted the mutual and cooperative nature of financial cooperatives.