中国农业文化遗产研究与保护实践的主要进展

Agri-cultural Heritage Research and Conservation Practices in China: Progresses and Perspectives

中国农业文明历史悠久,农民们在长期生产实践过程中一直在寻求适应不同自然条件的生产方式,创造了灿烂的农业文化遗产。发端于20世纪初,以农业考古、农业历史、传统农业哲学及农业民俗学等为主要内容的农业遗产研究,为农业文化遗产研究奠定了基础。2005年以"青田稻鱼共生系统"被FAO列为首批GIAHS保护试点为标志的新时期农业文化遗产研究与保护实践探索,正体现出多学科合作、理论研究与实践探索并重、保护与发展协调的特征。本文从古籍整理与考古研究、概念与内涵研究、系统结构与作用机制研究、多功能性与生态系统服务研究等角度介绍了农业文化遗产的基础性研究进展,从动态保护途径研究、法律与政策保障研究和保护与发展实践探索等方面总结了近几年开展的工作与取得的成效。并在此基础上,提出了农业文化遗产研究与保护实践中应当注意的问题,包括:进一步丰富研究内容,重视典型传统生态农业模式的机理性、定量化研究;从多学科与跨学科的角度研究农业文化遗产;加快开展农业文化遗产的普查与价值挖掘工作;重视农业文化遗产的创新、发展及可持续利用;重视农业生物多样性与农业文化多样性两个方面的保护,在做好"两个保护"的前提下,促进地区的发展和农民生活水平的提高,并为现代农业发展提供支持;避免"原汁原味"的"冷冻式"保护和"大拆大建"的"破坏性"开发两种错误倾向;逐步建立农业文化遗产保护的多方参与机制,包括政府的主导作用,社区的积极参与,科技的有力支撑,企业的有效介入,媒体的跟踪宣传;使农业文化遗产地成为开展科学研究的平台,展示传统农业文明的窗口,生态-文化型农产品的生产基地,农业文化旅游的目的地。

With a long history of agri-cultural development, Chinese farmers have been performing a variety of agri-cultural practices suitable for different natural conditions and created splendid agri-cultural heritages, including agri-cultural landscapes, knowledge, techniques and so on. The solid foundations for the study of agri-cultural heritage were laid by the research in agri-cultural archeology, agri-cultural history, philosophy of traditional agriculture, and agri-cultural folklore started at the beginning of the 20th century. In 2005, the Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System in Zhejiang Province was selected as the first Globally Important Agri-cultural Heritage Systems （GIAHS） pilot site in China by FAO. It is a milestone of the study in agri-cultural heritage in China, characterized by cooperation among multi-disciplines, combination of theory and practice, and the harmony between conservation and development. This paper introduces research progresses of agri-cultural heritage and its conservation, including documentary-based research, archaeology, concept and connotation, system structure and mechanism, multi-functionality of agriculture, and ecosystem services. It also summarizes the experiences and results achieved on dynamic conservation, law and policy supporting, conservation and development approaches. In addition, there are some issues we need to pay more attention to during the dynamic conservation of agri-cultural heritage： 1） to enrich the research content of agri-cultural heritage, and to pay more attention to the mechanism and quantitative studies of traditional agriculture ecological models, 2） to study the agri-cultural heritage interdisciplinary, 3） to enhance the investigation, acquisition, and excavation of agri-cultural heritage values, 4） to pay more attention to innovation, development and utilization of the agri-cultural heritage, 5） to pay more attention to the agrobiodiversity and agro-cultural diversity to promote the local development and living standards, and to further support the modern agriculture, 6） to avoid the ＂frozen＂ conservation and the ＂destructive＂ development, 7） to promote the dynamic conservation of agri-cultural heritage by multi-stakeholders＇ participation, including leading roles of the governments, active participation of the communities, strong support of the technologies, effective input of companies, and vigorous propaganda of media, and 8） to make agri-cultural heritage sites be platforms for scientific research, windows for traditional agri-cultural achievements exhibition, bases for traditional agriculture products with eco-and-cultural characteristics, and destinations for agri-cultural and cultural tourism.