澜沧江流域野生稻资源及其在农业文化遗产中的意义

Wild Rice Resources in the Lancang Watershed and Its Significance in Agricultural Heritage Protection

野生稻是栽培稻的野生近缘种和原始祖先,是栽培稻育种和生物技术研究的重要物质基础"。自然遗产与民族生态文化多样性考察"是国家科技部科技基础性工作专项"澜沧江中下游与大香格里拉地区科学考察"的重要组成部分,考察组分别在2009年和2010年的野外考察中,就该流域野生稻资源分布情况进行了实地考察。研究结果表明,该流域野生植物资源丰富,曾分布有我国所有的三种野生稻。近40年来,随着野生稻自然环境的破坏,其自然居群分布迅速减少,有些分布点已经绝迹或濒临灭绝。现存分布点共计31个,分散在横跨4个州、市的11个县(市)。针对野生稻的濒危现状及原因,提出如下保护建议:①加强野生稻栖息地的保护,即采用原地保护为主的方法保护现有资源;②积极引导村民参与野生稻的保护;③加强对外来入侵植物的治理;④做好水电站建设中的生态保护规划,将野生稻资源的保护列入到大坝的建设规划中,国家应建立适应市场经济体制的野生稻保护投入机制,要求澜沧江水电企业加入到野生稻的保护行列中来。总之,作为一种珍稀的作物野生种质资源,野生稻对我国的农业文化遗产和农业生物多样性的保护以及提高水稻产量和品质具有不可估量的价值。

As the wild relatives and ancestor of rice, wild rice is an important basis for rice breeding and biotechnology research. To carry out the program of ＂Natural Heritage and Ethnic Cultural Diversity Investigation＂, an integral part of the project ＂Scientific Investigation for the Middle and Low Reach of the Lancang River and Greater Shangri-La Region＂ sponsored by the national Ministry of Science and Technology in China, the research group performed field investigations along the Lancang watershed to study the distribution of wild rice both in 2009 and 2010. Results show that the Yunnan reach of the Lancang watershed was rich in wild plant resources, where 3 types of wild rice were found. However, over the last four decades, under the combined impact of population growth, deforestation, cash crop plantation, weeding, herbal collection, alien species invasion, and hydropower construction, the natural habitats of wild rice were severely damaged, resulting in rapid population reduction or even total extinction. At present, there are in total 31 distribution points, spanning over 11 counties （cities） in 4 prefectures. Taken into account the current situation of wild rice in the Lancang watershed, we put forward some suggestions for conservation as follows： 1） adopting the method of in situ conservation to strengthen habitat protection for better preservation of existing resources; 2） guiding local farmers to take part in wild rice and agricultural biodiversity conservation, improving their awareness by publicity and education; 3） enhancing the harness of alien species by manual control, meanwhile planting more trees, bushes or grasses on the cleared land to inhibit the growth of invasive plants; and 4） channelling wild rice protection into hydropower and dam construction planning, building up a market-oriented mechanism for effective conservation and utilization of wild rice resources. In a word, as a rare germplasm resource, wild rice is of great significance to our agricultural heritage and biodiversity protection. Being a developing country with a huge population, China＇ s future food security and sustainable development of agriculture will depend greatly on effective protection and reasonable utilization of wild rice resources.