气候公平原则与国际气候制度构建

Principles of Climate Justice and the Construction of International Climate Regime

气候公平包括结果公平和程序公平,其中结果公平包括平等主义原则、差别原则、历史责任原则、成本效率原则、尊重现状原则、无悔原则等;程序公平包括政治共识原则、主权协商原则、平等参与原则、全体参与原则等。由于国际社会对"共同但有区别的责任"的不同理解和阐释,形成了气候公平理论的两大主流论点(平等人权论和历史责任论),在此基础上演绎出各种关于国际气候制度的设计方案。当前国际气候制度建设面临重重困难,为了实现气候公平目标,须从两方面改进和完善现有国际气候制度:一是从实现结果公平、达成一个具有可操作性的机制设计出发,国际减排机制应当优先考虑各国的减排责任、能力和成本效率三个要素,适应机制则应当基于责任、能力及需求的考量;二是从实现程序公平、促进2012年后的国际气候制度立法的目的出发,国际气候制度设计应当确保全体参与原则和平等协商原则。

There are two dimensions of global climate justice,outcome justice and procedural justice.Principles of outcome justice include egalitarianism,the difference principle,the principle of historical responsibility,the principle of cost-efficiency,Grandfathering principle,No Regret principle,and so forth.Principles of procedural justice include the principle of political consensus,the principle of sovereign negotiation,the principles of equal participation and of inclusiveness.Different interpretations of the 'Common but Differentiated Principle' suggest two main theories of global climate justice,namely,that of Equal Human Rights,and that of Historical Responsibility.These two theories have informed different proposals and arguments for building an equitable international climate regime.Climate negotiations are currently undergoing some difficulties.Under this circumstance,in order to achieve global justice and equity in relation to climate and climate change,two ways of improving climate regime building are called for.First,to achieve climate negotiation outcome that is both equitable and feasible,three factors should be considered in the design of international mitigation mechanism:a country's responsibility,its capability and the economic efficiency of the mechanism;while a country's responsibility,its capability and its needs for adaptation should be considered in the design of international adaptation mechanism.Second,to ensure procedural justice in the process of international negotiations,and to facilitate the materialization of an effective global climate institution after 2012,the principle of inclusiveness and equal negotiation must be adhered to.