欧洲“文明”观念向日本、中国的传播及其本土化述评--以基佐、福泽谕吉和梁启超为中心

The Spread of the European Concept of "Civilization" to Japan and China and its Localization:An Analysis Centering on Franois Pierre Guillaume Guizot,Fukuzawa Yukichi and Liang Qichao

19世纪欧洲"文明"观念具有帝国主义意识形态的一面,它与欧洲殖民扩张相伴随传播到世界各地。西义"文明"的基本内涵在东渐过程中,从基佐到福泽谕吉再到梁启超,有一条清晰的承继脉络,同时也有吸收过程中的本土化改造。福泽谕吉和梁启超对"文明"的积极倡导,反映了欧洲"文明"作为世界性话语的影响力。"文明"在当时不仅仅是一个词汇或概念,而是成了一个具有"普世"意义的价值取向。福泽谕吉和梁启超正是在这个欧洲主导的话语体系中,试图为本国找到富强之路,在吸收中建构起适合于本国的"文明"。但西义"文明"在日本和中国本土化的结果却颇为不同。

The nineteenth century European concept of 'civilization'contained elements of imperialist ideology and spread throughout the world in the wake of European colonial expansion.In the course of the eastward movement and localized absorption of the basic connotations of the concept of 'civilization,'we can trace a clear line of inheritance from Guizot to Fukuzawa Yukichi and Liang Qichao.Fukuzawa and Liang's advocacy of 'civilization'reflects the powerful influence of European 'civilization'as a global discourse.'Civilization'at the time was not just a word or a concept but had become a 'universal'value orientation as well as the goal of social progress for which all countries must strive,represented by Western Europe.It was within this Europe-led discourse system that Fukuzawa and Liang tried to find a path to wealth and strength and build a civilization suited to their own countries while 'absorbing'foreign imports.However,the outcome of the localization of 'civilization'in the Western sense was quite different in Japan and China.