“正統”與“政統”:拓跋魏“太祖”廟號改易及其歷史書寫

Dynasty Legitimacy and Political Succession:The Changes of Temple Name "Taizu" of Tuoba Wei Dynasties

北魏歷史上有兩個皇帝被尊爲＂太祖＂,即平文帝和道武帝。這就是清代學者疑惑的＂元魏兩太祖＂問題。事實上,道武帝天興初年尊平文帝爲＂太祖＂,明元帝時上道武廟號爲＂烈祖＂,到了孝文帝改制時,將平文從太廟中遷出,改尊道武爲太祖。《魏書》一直記載道武廟號爲＂太祖＂,諱言道武廟號最初爲＂烈祖＂的史實。廟制的背後是政治權力的運作,作爲王朝開國之君象徵的＂太祖＂廟號的追尊,體現了北魏的中原正統心態以及對拓跋王朝政統譜系的建構努力。北魏以及後來的東、西魏在拓跋宗廟＂太祖＂廟號上屢有改易,正可觀察拓跋宗室各種勢力的政治鬥爭,以及東、西魏敵對政權對各自政統合法性的解釋。本文並揭示《魏書》所體現的鲜明政治立場。

During the North Wei Dynasty Emperor Pingwen and Emperor Daowu were both given the temple name of 'Taizu' (Grand Progenitor),which confused the scholars of Qing Dynasty.Actually,Emperor Pingwen's temple name given by Emperor Daowu was 'Taizu',and the one of Emperor Daowu given by Emperor Mingyuan was 'Liezu' (Heroic Progenitor).At the age of Emperor Xiaowen,he removed Emperor Pingwen's position from the imperial temple,and gave Emperor Daowu the honor of 'Taizu'.Later,there were several changes of the temple name 'Liezu' from the North Wei Dynasty to the later East Wei and West Wei Dynasties.