竞争性牧业、草原生态与牧民生计维系

Competitive Husbandry,Grasslands Ecology,and the Maintenance of Pastoral Livelihoods

市场化进程在内蒙古草原的推进,使得农牧民的生计适应模式由生态适应变为市场适应。本来具有生态多样性、畜牧业生产、牧民生活、民族文化、旅游休闲、民族多样性维系、边疆稳定与国防安全、食品安全等多种功能的草原畜牧业,在食品工业化、农牧业产业化、农牧产品国际间自由贸易的条件下,被单一化为竞争性牧业,仅仅生产功能和少部分产业化的旅游休闲功能被强调,从而使得草原牧业的其他功能被剥蚀、改造,甚至无从发挥,由此也危及草原生态环境的可持续和牧民的生计与文化维系。认识草原生态环境和人类活动的特殊关联,并采取科学化的生计适应方案,可以缓解牧民、牧业和牧区这"三牧"问题。走出竞争性牧业,以及背后的单一市场逻辑,才有可能朝向草原生态、民族文化保护、边疆稳定与国防安全等多功能性持续发挥的道路。

The authors＇ investigation of farming, pastoral, and mixed farming-pastoral areas in Xilingol and Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, demonstrates that with extreme unbalance in both ecological systems and in the course of marketization, herding lifestyles shift from ecological to market adaptation. Muhifunctional traditional grasslands husbandry supports biodiversity, livestock production, herding lifestyles, minority culture, travel and tourism, border stability and national security, food security, and so on; yet under conditions of industrializing food production and animal husbandry, and international free trade in the products of these industries, traditional husbandry has become simplified competitive husbandry in which livestock production, and a limited amount of organized tourism, are emphasized. This has led to the erosion, alteration, or suppression of other functions of grasslands husbandry, threatening the sustainability of the grasslands ecosystem and the maintenance of herding lifestyles and culture. Issues of pastoral production, environments, and people can be resolved by recognizing the interconnectedness of grasslands ecosystems and human activity while adopting science-oriented livelihood adaptation programs. The promotion of healthy grasslands ecology, the preservation of minority culture, border stability, international security, and other such functions can only be brought into play once competitive husbandry, and the simplistic market logic on which it is predicated, are left behind.