民国国立大学教师兼课研究——以北京大学、清华大学为例

Teaching Faculties of Part-time at China's National Universities during Republic of China Period:With A Case of Peking and Tsinghua Universities

民国初建时期,教育部历次出台的法规中都明确禁止大学教员校外兼课的行为,但收效甚微。教员校外兼课,一度蔚然成风。南京政府成立后,教育部对教员兼课行为似有所妥协,尽管仍旧强调教员当以"专任"为原则,但却允许教员有限制的在校外兼课,使得教员兼课行为从民初的"违规"转变为"合法",这种转变与妥协何以产生,值得研究。本文以民国教育部公文及部分大学的档案记载为基础,分析发现在这一转变过程中,暗含着教育主管者与教员群体长期博弈的过程,教育行政者大学管理经验的累积以及对兼课作用的认识改变也促成了转变的发生。对该问题的研究,不仅有助于理解兼课行为本身在民国大学中的发展变迁,也可对当时教育行政特点有所了解。

In the early period of the Republic of China,the Ministry of Education forbade university teachers to have any moonlight teaching jobs.Nanjing government,since its establishment,turned a blind eye to certain extent.Analyses of government documents and the two universities' archives show that this is the result of a long negotiation between university officials and faculties,and of the changes that the university officials made in their attitude toward part-time teaching.This study will help us have a better understanding of the role that faculties' part-time teaching played in the development of the universities,and of the characteristics of educational management at that time.