气候正义的僵局与出路--基于法哲学与经济学的跨学科考察

The Climate Justice Impasse and Ways Forward:Considerations across the Disciplines of Philosophy of Law and Economics

气候正义涉及复杂的国际法与国内法问题。传统国际法强调主权独立和互不干涉,而应对气候变化必然要求国际社会合作减排。国际合作减排的前提是各国主动放弃部分排放权利,主动承担减排义务。气候变化对整个国际社会造成了极大的危害,由于各国所处地理位置不同,各国所受的负面冲击不尽一致。有些国家必须支出巨额的调整成本以适应变化了的全球气候,而有些国家反而会因气候变化获得短期利益。根据科斯定律初始权利分配原理,气候正义不是简单的排放权的界定与转让问题,它要求运用分配正义与矫正正义原则对不公平分担减排责任的现象进行平衡处理。中国固然应当积极参与国际合作减排,但同时要坚持发展权优先的观点,与工业发达国家展开有理有节的谈判与斗争,争取最大限度地实现矫正正义。

Climate justice involves complex issues of both international and domestic law. While traditional international law emphasizes sovereignty, independence and mutual non-intervention, to combat climate change it is increasingly imperative that the international community cooperate in reducing emissions. International cooperation on reducing emissions is predicated upon each country giving up some of its rights with respect to emissions, and actively committing to reductions. Climate change is a tremendous threat to the international community as a whole, however as states occupy different geographical positions on the globe, they also experience the negative impacts of climate change differently. Climate justice cannot be seen as just a simple problem of defining and transferring the right to emit, it instead requires application of the principles of distributive justice and corrective justice to balance trends towards inequitable responsibilities for reduction of emissions. Undoubtedly, China should positively participate in international cooperation to reduce emissions, but it should also maintain its view of the priority of the right to develop, and engage in reasonable negotiations with developed industrial states while fighting to ensure that the principle of corrective justice is applied to the greatest extent possible.