论渔业配额制度的起源及其内在法律特征

Fishing Quota System:Its Origin and Inner Legal Characteristics

渔业配额制度是在渔业资源过度捕捞所导致的渔业危机和传统的投入控制管理模式失效的历史背景下,基于渔业资源生态特性而构建的一种产出式的渔业管理模式。它是在总可捕量基础上发展起来的,最早雏形始见于美加间的渔业管理实践。冰岛、新西兰等主要渔业国家结合本国国情实施了不同外在形式的配额模式。该制度具有专属性、持续性、可转让性、激励性等外在法律特征。资源的特性决定了配额制度的实质内涵是一种不得超越总可捕量的共同义务。义务本位下的配额制度,其意蕴是一个管理问题,而非产权问题。产权的手段并不能根本解决渔业危机,私权的行使必须处于公权力的监管之下,配额制度才能发挥应有实效,这是配额实质给予我们的启示。

Fishing quota system refers to output fishery management mode based on ecological characteristics of fishery resources, due to overfishing crisis and malfunction of traditional control management. Based on total allowable catch, it came from the original fishery management practices between the U.S. and Canada. Iceland and New Zealand such fisheries countries adopted different quota system according to their situations. The system is exclusive, sustainable, transferable and incentive in the layer of law. Its resources attribute essentially quota solve quota decides the quota system is a common duty that cannot overpass total allowable catch. The duty-based system actually means an issue of management rather than property problem. Property methods cannot fisheries crisis, and private rights must be exercised under the supervision of public rights, and then system functions effectively. This is what quota system enlightens us.