回顾、反思与重构:近百年来中国社区研究

Review,Reflection and Reconstruction:Chinese Community Study in One Century

社区研究有社会学和人类学两种传统:社会学的社区研究在文明社会内部进行个案调查,人类学的社区研究在异文化社会中研究封闭社区的独立性和完整性。中国的社区研究同时在这两种传统的影响下得到确定和应用。人类学传统的社区研究在中国遭遇"代表性"的质疑,这导致了两种回应结果:一是通过将社区与国家、大社会的时空结合,丰富并拓展了人类学社区研究的内涵。二是以费孝通为代表的中国学人在反思过程中,既肯定社区作为完整个案本身的人类学意义,又提出从社区个案到区域类型再至整个中国社会的扩展社区的社会学研究思路。对社区与外界联系的强调既是学术本身内在的发展逻辑所致,也是一代学人重建国家、社会的责任感的体现。未来的社区研究要承袭此前将社区与外界联系起来的研究脉络,但更应该重视社区作为一个独特世界所具有的地方性意义和对多元社会文化所具有的贡献,这是新时期学术与时代共同赋予的主题。

There are sociological and anthropological traditions in community study：sociologists did case study within civil society,while anthropologists emphasized independence and integrity of closed small community in different cultures.Community study in China was established and applied under the influence of both traditions.Anthropological study encountered question of ＂representative＂,which led to two responses： First,Western sinologists enriched and expand the meaning of anthropological community study by establishing temporal and spatial relationship between the community and State and larger society.Second,Chinese scholars,such as Fei Xiaotong,on the one hand,affirmed the community′s significance as an integral anthropological study unit,on the other hand,they also put forward sociological research route：from community to the zone type,finally to the whole China.Academic development and social responsibility to rebuilding our country were reasons why importance was attached to the relationship between community and larger society.We should value the community′s link with outside,and should pay more attention to the community′s local significance as a separation and its contribution to pluralistic society,which is the academic subject given by new era.