我国玉米主产区秸秆资源利用现状及其效果

Present situation of maize straw resource utilization and its effect in main maize production regions of China

在我国东北春玉米区、华北玉米区、西南玉米区3个玉米主产区,共125个县、720个村,采用问卷调查和用户调查相结合的方法,对玉米秸秆资源利用现状及其效果进行调查.结果表明：在玉米秸秆资源利用方式中,以秸秆还田、饲料和燃料占绝大多数,研究区域内平均分别占30.8%、26.2%和24.6%.其中东北春玉米区从大到小依次为燃料、饲料和秸秆还田,分别占35.4%、30.8%和19.8%;华北玉米区依次为秸秆还田、饲料和燃料,分别占43.6%、19.9%和17.9%;西南玉米区依次为秸秆还田、饲料和燃料,分别占29.0%、27.9%和20.5%.在研究区域内秸秆焚烧比例均较小,占12.8%;工业原料比例最小,占0.7%.秸秆还田可增加作物产量,东北、华北、西南玉米产区秸秆还田的作物产量分别平均增加632.0、371.6和290.4 kg.hm-2;还可改良土壤状况、减少化肥和有机肥的施入量,其中有机肥施入量减少20%~30%,氮肥减少16%~30%,磷肥减少24%~34%,钾肥减少33%~38%.不同产量水平地块,作物产量随秸秆产量、还田量和还田比例增加而增大.但由于秸秆还田机械不配套,还田质量差,增加了整地除草难度,加重某些病虫害发生,影响后茬作物苗期生长,仍需进行相关配套技术研究.

A survey was carried out in three main maize production regions in Northeast,North,and Southwest China,including 720 villages of 125 counties,with the purpose of investigating the present situation of maize straw resource utilization and its effect.Among the present utilization ways of maize straw resource,the main ones were returning to soil,feeding livestock,and using as fuel,their proportions being 30.8%,26.2%,and 24.6%,respectively.In Northeast China,the top three utilization ways were fuel,livestock feed,and returning to soil,with the proportions being 35.4%,30.8% and 19.8%;in North China,the top three were returning to soil,livestock feed,and fuel,with the proportions being 43.6%,19.9%,and 17.9%;and in Southwest China,they were returning to soil,livestock feed,and fuel,with the proportions being 29.0%,27.9%,and 20.5%,respectively.In the survey areas,the proportion of using maize straw as fuel was smaller（12.8%）,and that of using as industrial raw material was only 0.7%.Returning maize straw to soil increased maize yield（the increment in Northeast,North,and Southwest China was 632.0,371.6,and 290.4 kg·hm-2,respectively）,improved soil condition,and decreased the application rates of manure,nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium fertilizers by 20%-30%,16%-30%,24%-34%,and 33%-38%, respectively.The maize yield increased with increasing straw mass and its returning amount and proportion.However,because of wanting complete sets of available machines,straw returning was low in quality,which increased the difficulty in weed controlling and promoted the occurrence of some diseases and insect pests,giving impacts on maize seedlings growth.It would be necessary to strengthen the researches on the related complete set maize straw returning techniques.