论共同行动的基础

On the Basis of Common Actions

在关于人类行为的研究中,存在着理性主义与行为主义两种不同的分析范式。理性主义发现了共同利益这一共同行动的客观基础,行为主义则找到了意向一致这一共同行动的主观机制。由于人类理性的有限性,行为主义范式表现出了更强的解释力,"共同行动源自行动意向的一致"的命题也成了我们研究共同行动的出发点。一致意向通常具有两种形式,一是认同,二是共识。事实上,在人类的共同行动实践中,我们也看到了基于认同的共同行动和基于共识的共同行动这两种形式。20世纪后期以来,随着危机事件的频繁发生,使我们关注到共同行动的基础还有着学者们所没有认识到的默契。也就是说,存在着基于默契的共同行动。与认同和共识的达成不同,默契是在默会过程中生成的,基于默契的共同行动则是一种具有道德特征的共同行动。

In the exploration on the human behaviors,there are two different paradigms： rationalism and behaviorism.Rationalists discovered the common interests as the objective basis for common actions,while behaviorists found out the unity of wills as the subjective mechanism for common actions.Due to the limitation on the human rationalism,behaviorism displays a stronger interpretive power and the proposition of common actions out of unified wills serves as a starting point for researching the common actions.Common wills are divided into two types： identification and consensus.In fact,in the common actions of the mankind,we can perceive the two types of common actions： based on identification and based on consensus.Since the 20th century,the frequent occurrence of crises reminds us of the tacit understanding ignored by scholars but serving as another basis for common actions.In other words,common actions exist which are based on tacit understanding.Different from the formation of identity and consensus,tacit understanding is generated in the process of tacit agreement and the common actions based on tacit understanding are characterized by morality.