3Light RW.Approach to the patient in pleural diseases[J].Malvern,1990,20(2):75-84.
4陶仲为.心衰合并血性胸水.山东医药,1990,30(1):39-39.
5Porcel JM,Vives M.Etiology and pleural fluid characteristics of large and massive effusions[J].Chest,2003,124:978-983.
6David Jiménez.Etiology and prognostic significance of massive pleural effusion[J].Respiratory Medicine,2005,99:1183-1187.
7Song RP,Jee HK.Etiology and characteristics of massive pleural effusions investigat-ed at one university hospital in Korea[J].Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases,2006,61:456-462.
8Chen A,Ho YS,Tu YC,et al.Diaphragmatic defect as a cause of massive hydrothorax in cirrhosis of the liver[J].J Clin Gastroenterol,1988,10:663-6.
9Lazaridis K,Frank JW.Hepatic hydrothorax:pathogenesis,diagnosis and management[J].AmJ Med,1999,107:263-7.
10Sahn SA,Good JT Jr.Pleural fluid PH in malignant efusions:Diagnostic prognositc and therapeutic implications[J].Ann Intern Med,1988,108:345.
5Klech H,Rona G,Hutter C,et al.Diagnostic value of the com-bined det-ermination of carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA)in Plell-ral effusion and s-erum with an enzyme immunoassay(ElA).Sensitivity.specificity and rela-tion to tumor type[J].Wien Kiln-Wochenschr,2006,98(8):564.
6Light RW. Approach to the patient in pleural diseases [ J]. Malv-ern,1990,20(2) :75 -84.
9Chakkks SC,Caldwell SH,Sforza PP. Treatment of congestive heartfailure : its efect Oil pleural fuild chemistry [ J ]. Chest,1989,95 :798.
10Porcel JM, Chorda J, Cao G, et al. Comparing serum and pleuralfluid NT-proBNP levels with pleural-to-serum albumin gradient forthe identification of cardiac effusions misclassified by Light's criteria[J]. Respirology, 2007, 12 (5) : 6542659.