中国古代禅净合流的三种模式

Three Models of Dhyana-Sukhavati Confluence in Ancient China

中国佛教的禅净双修传统,在明末清初之际经由三大高僧的倡导,奠定了三种有代表性的修行模式:憨山德清主张以禅摄净,强调一切净土皆为心造,并从禅观的角度,以念佛观想为通达净土的正因,以参究念佛融摄禅净;云栖祩宏力倡导禅归净,以净土念佛求生西方为主,辅以禅宗的参禅方法,以参究念佛作为导禅归净的方便;蕅益智旭则以净统禅,认为禅、教、律、密不可分,并以净土法门涵盖整个佛教。禅净合流三种模式的形成,对佛教的发展产生了重大影响,并在近现代得到了继承与发扬。

The late Ming （ 1368 - 1644） and early Qing （ 1644 - 1911 ） dynasties witnessed the establish- ment of three models of Buddhist cultivation advocated respectively by three eminent monks, i. e. , Master Hanshandeqing （ 1546 - 1623 ）, who proposed the substitution of Dhyana for Sukhavati ; Master Yunqizhuhong （1535 -1615 ）, who advocated the incorporation of the former in the latter, and Master Ouyizhixu （1599 - 1655 ） , who argued for the domination of the latter over the former. The establishment of the three models has had great impact upon the evolution of Buddhism in China, and the models themselves were inherited and carried forward in modern China.