美国防范科研不端行为的顶层与专门监管机制

On the Top-layer and Specialized Mechanism of Oversee and Administration against Research Misconduct in the United States

除了美国国会和司法部门的相应对策以外,在白宫科技政策办公室(OSTP)-国家科学技术委员会(NSTC)-总统科技顾问委员会(PCAST)等总统行政机构的统一协调下,美国防范科研不端行为的顶层监管机制主要由联邦政府和非政府部门的分工与互补机制构成;以卫生部ORI为主与以政府各部门OIG为辅形成了美国防范科研不端行为的专门监管机制。尽管这两种监管机制并非完美,但其顶层监管机制的权威性与统一性、协调性与互补性,以及专门监管机制的独立性与透明性、公平性与效率性,却既独具特色又值得效仿。

Besides the corresponding countermeasures from the Congress and the judicial department,in the United States,under the united coordination from the Executive Office of the President including OSTP,NSTC and PCAST,the top-layer mechanism of oversee and administration against research misconduct mainly include the division of labour and complementation from the Federal governments and non-governments in the United States.The specialized mechanism of oversee and administration is made up of predominant ORI in HHS and secondary OIG of all departments and agencies.Although the two kinds of mechanisms are far from being perfect,for their authority and uniformity,coordination and complementarities in the top-layer mechanism of oversee and administration,for its independency and transparency,impartiality and efficiency in the specialized mechanism of oversee and administration,they have some unique features and may prove to be exemplary against research misconduct all over the world.