铁质文物脱盐处理废水中的污染物检测

The determination of chemical pollutants in wastewater from desalting treatment of iron relics

铁质文物脱盐过程要产生大量废水废水排放不得超过国家或者地方规定的水污染物排放标准。本研究依据国家标准《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996),对腐蚀模拟Z30试片和室外大型铁炮脱盐废水中的污染物含量进行化学分析。结果显示主要是化学耗氧量(COD)、可溶性正磷酸盐、悬浮物等项目超标;分析表明某些过量添加的脱盐试剂和助剂是造成污染物超标的主要原因。一般对馆藏铁器,因脱盐废水量小,可通过清水稀释处理(有时需预处理)后达标排放;对个别室外大型铁器而言,因废水量大,污染物超标严重时,建议将废水经过物理、化学方法等工艺处理达标后排放。总之,铁器脱盐时,环境友好型脱盐试剂和助剂的选择和适量使用是关键;铁质文物脱盐废水排放可能造成的环境污染问题应引起重视。

A lot of wastewater is produced during the process of desalination of iron relics.Discharged wastewater must not exceed national or regional wastewater discharge standards.In accordance with GB8978-1996,an integrated wastewater discharge standard,the concentrations of pollutants in wastewater derived from desalting of corroded Z30 imitation samples and a large outdoor iron cannon were chemically analyzed.The results showed that the chemical oxygen demand（COD）,soluble phosphate,suspensoid,etc,did not meet national guidelines;it also demonstrated that some excessively used chemical desalting agents and assisting agents are the main pollutants and the primary causes of the standards being exceeded.For iron relics stored in museums,because of the small volume of wastewater,desalination wastewater can simply be discharged after dilution with clean water to meet national standards, although sometimes pretreatment is necessary.However,for some large outdoor iron relics,because of the large amount of wastewater,the pollutants in wastewater can be much higher than can be handled by dilution.It is suggested that the wastewater should be discharged only after physical or/and chemical treatment reduces pollutants to national standard levels.In conclusion,the key to solving this problem is choosing suitable desalting reagents and using environmentally friendly chemicals.Proper attention should be paid to pollution problems caused by wastewater discharge during desalination of iron relics.