再论环境社会系统/生态文明建设的四种基本关系

Further Discussion on Four Basic Relationships in Environmental-social System/Construction of Ecological Civilization

首先,在总结系列具有广泛影响的中西学者对中西文明特征的看法的基础上,论证了在东西方文明中,人与自然的关系存在分化的现象。又考虑到"天人合一"是中国文化的核心特质并是"中国文化对人类未来可有之贡献",进而将人与自然的关系分解为人与天的关系以及人与物的关系。人与天的关系是以整体性的视角对待人与自然的相互作用,并在此基础上形成的知识和观念的总和。人与物的关系是指以分析性的思路处理人与自然的相互作用,并在此基础上形成的知识与观念的总和。其次,论证了四种关系是基本关系。环境社会系统中的基本关系必须符合以下条件:一是必要的;二是基本关系之间可以是相关的,但不能是完全相关的;三是在所研究的系统中,所有的基本关系必须是完备的;四是基本关系应该是所描述的系统的各个一级子系统之间的一级关系。主要通过穷举法,发现从三种生产理论或者社会-经济-自然复合生态系统的层面上看,其中存在九种一级关系,但是有些关系与环境社会系统的研究内容相去甚远,有的具有完全共线性的性质,把这些关系排除在外,剩下四种基本关系,即:人与自身的关系、人与人的关系、人与天的关系、人与物的关系。

The essay argued for two points of view. First, the induction method was used hy summing up the views of some famous and influencing scholars about the characteristics of Chinese and Western cultures. It was proved that there exists a differentiating phenomenon of man-nature relationship. Considering that ＂the unity of nature and man＇ is a core quality of Chinese culture and is a contribution Chinese culture will make to the future of mankind＂, the man-nature relationship is divided into the relationship between human beings and the heaven, and that between human beings and the objects. The relationship between human beings and nature treats man-nature interplay from a bolistic way, and the corresponding knowledge and conception. The relationship between human beings and objects refers to an analytic way of treating man-nature interplay and the total knowledge and conception formed on this basis. Second, it is demonstrated that the four relationships are the basic ones in the environmental-social system. The so-called basic relationship, according to the authors＇ understanding, must meet the following conditions： it is necessary; the basic relationships can be related but are not entirely related; in the studied system, all basic relationships must be complete; the basic relationships should be a first-level relationship, i.e. , a relationship between every first subsystem described and not a combined relationship. In this essay, through the method of exhaustion, it is found that there are nine first-level relationships in terms of the three-kind production model or social-economic-natural complex ecosystem. But some relationships are far away from the research area of environmental-social system study, and some have the feature of perfect collinearity. After excluding these relationships, there remain four basic relationships ： the interpersonal relationship, the relationship between human beings and themselves, that between human beings and the heaven, and that between human beings and the objects.