荷兰城市开发过程管理及其对中国的启示

Managing Urban Development Processes in the Netherlands and Implication for Chinese Context

在日益复杂的社会背景下,城市开发项目中更多角色的介入及其对城市区域甚至整个城市日渐扩大的影响力,使得城市开发项目变得越来越复杂,对开发过程中的管理工作也提出了更高要求。许多利益群体在开发的不同层面享有或认为自己拥有参与权。因为城市之间的竞争日益国际化,城市开发甚至被远在地区界限以外的群体所影响和左右。其中最为复杂的一种情况,也是渐渐被普遍采用的公私合作模式,会在每种情境下都有不同的角色分工。城市开发的核心是在一片土地上开发出功能和谐又协调的空间组合(居住、办公、娱乐等)。社会的发展对城市开发项目的空间品质的影响尤为重要。除了对空间品质的关注外,其对社会效应,政治、经济、环境和文化方面的关注也不容忽视。而这些都应该结合项目开发后的空间质量及市场效益综合评估。本文着重分析荷兰关于城市开发议题的理论探讨、项目实践总结以及对中国的启示。

Urban development has become increasingly complex in recent times. This is not only because of the multiplicity of actors involved and the complexity of social developments, but it is also because the scope of the implications of urban area development has significantly enlarged： they often significantly transgress the area concerned and even the city itself. Higher demands are imposed on the process management. A large number of interested parties have or claim a say at different scale levels. With the increase of international competition between cities on an international stage, urban development processes also subject to the direct influence of events from far outside the region in question. The most complex situation, and one that is increasingly occurring in practice, arises in the case of public-private co-operation, where the division of roles is different in each and every situation. The content of urban area development focuses on creating spatial constellations wherein various functions （residential, working, etc.） can develop in harmony. These constellations must be coherent and integrated units. Social developments/issues are particularly influential on development projects, both where space is concerned as well as otherwise. Apart from the spatial aspect, attention must also be given to social, political, economic, ecological, and social-cultural aspects. The whole must be combined in such way that the result has sufficient spatial and market quality. This paper highlights the most important essence of Dutch theoretical debate and practical experience on urban area development and the implications for Chinese practice.